Madelungs Rule Definition and Example

Should Xenotransplantation Be Allowed Essay - 1366 Words

Topic: Xenotransplantation (Animal to Human Transplants) Research Question: Should Xenotransplantation be allowed? (Animal parts transferred into Humans) Introduction: Scientists have developed a way for a pig heart to be transplanted into a baboon, which has been living for more than a year. This breakthrough means that sometime soon, we may be able to use pig hearts for human bodies, when we don’t have any human parts to spare. For this investigation, I am going to find out how Xenotransplantation works, people who are for and against Xenotransplantation and why, and also I will include my own opinion in this investigation. Biological Process/Concept: Living body parts from animals are taken, then put into a humans to replace a body part that has stopped working, such as a human heart being replaced with a pig heart. Whether it’s a human or an animal transplant, after the transplant you are going to have to take Immunosuppressant Drugs to allow your body to live wit h the new organ in your system. If you don’t take these drugs, your new organ will be treated like a freeloading germ - it attacks . The Immunosuppressant drugs allow your body to accept the new organ, but it will also make you more vulnerable to infections as by allowing your new organ to be in your body, you are blocking your body defenses. Biological and Social implications: Xenotransplantation is a really good idea, as it could help keep humans alive when there aren t any donors availableShow MoreRelatedShould Animals Suffer And Be Harmed For The Sake Of Keeping Someone Alive Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesIMPLICATIONS: Ethically, Xenotransplantation goes against a lot of different views from people. People link this to why should the animals suffer and be harmed for the sake of keeping someone alive. However, it also raises the view of the suffering family and friends of those who have to suffer an illness like diabetes, where is the balance between animal suffering and human benefit? The main ethical view is why should animals suffer when it isn’t certain if it will benefit humans? However, howRead MoreShould Animal s Organ Be Used For Human Transplantation?1036 Words   |  5 PagesShould animal’s organ be used for human transplantation? Xenotransplantation: a subject about which people hold strong contrasting views. Rare attempts have been made to transplant animal organs or tissues into human beings since the early years of this century. Curiosity surrounding the procedure known as Xenotransplantation has increased in the last few years because it is seen as one way of reducing the shortage of human organs for transplantation. Currently, this shortage strictly edges theRead MoreCoronary Artery Disease1327 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia has a very low donation rate. This situation has led some people from the government to come up with the idea of forcing everyone to participate in donor organ programs. Personally, I would not agree with this, because I think people should be allowed to have choices as individuals. Everyone’s body parts belong to themselves, so whether or not people want to give them away are their own decision, not the government’s. Some religions may also go against the act of don ating organs, althoughRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Xenotransplantation And The Catholic Churches Essay1765 Words   |  8 PagesI will be discussing the ethical issue of Xenotransplantation and the Catholic Churches response to it. Xenotransplantation is a procedure involving the transplantation of live cells, organs and tissues from nonhumans into humans. It provides an alternative way to treat serious and fatal diseases such as Alzheimer s, diabetes and Parkinson s disease. It also poses as a solution for the ongoing problem of organ shortage. Generally, Xenotransplantation is a reoccurring ethical issue as this specificRead MoreThe Cloning Of Human Organs3494 Words   |  14 Pagesadvancing genetic engineering, this will pave the way for other pig organs being able to be used successfully for human transplant patients. The process of taking tissues or organs from a nonhuman and transplanting them into a human is called xenotransplantation. While the concept of using animal organs in humans may sound really futuristic, these types of procedures date back to over a century ago. Back in 1902, a physician named Emmerich Ullman tried to save a patient that was dying of kidney failureRead More Cloning - It’s Time for Organ Farms Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pages1   As a result of this shortage, there has been a tremendous demand for research in alternative methods of organ transplantation.   Private companies are racing to develop these technologies with an estimated market of six billion dollars.2   Xenotransplantation, or cross-species organ transplantation, appears to be the most likely solution in the near future, and cloned pigs are the main candidates.   Pigs and humans have remarkable similarities in physiology, which along with cloning makes pigs strongRead MoreThe Debate Over Embry onic Stem Cell Research1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the government should fund the stem cell research not only for the benefits it adds to scientific fields but also for its contribution toward the wellbeing of humankind such as the prevention and treatment of a lot of diseases, as well as making new and efficient drugs. On the other hand, opponents argue that the embryonic stem cells should be considered as human lives; they deserve the same respect and protection everyone else has. Therefore, the money of the taxpayers should not fund and promoteRead MoreAnimal Cloning Essay2148 Words   |  9 Pagescloning needs only one cell and without sex. Cloning, as of recent years, has become a very controversial issue in society but cloning can have several positive effects for the well being of society. Many people in society believe that scientists should develop a clone human but many people and especially the government are against human cloning. Hundreds of cloned animals exist to day including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. In the last 50 years, techniques such as inRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Engineered Crops1626 Words   |  7 Pagesfarmers usually used. By the year 2001, the genetically engineered cotton was alleged to have accounted for almost half the cotton produced in China (Ronald 51-52). The people opposed to genetic engineering also say genetic engineering techniques should not be used because they could cause unforeseen problems. All new treatments and medicine have the opportunity to either cause problems or benefit the future. Everything has a chance to impact the future in a negative or positive way. Because geneticRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Field Of Biomedical Research1710 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences are not avoidable, scientists can still make the effort in reducing the duration and the severity. Another moral duty to these animals is by having scientific integrity in regards to their use (Tannenbaum). This means that scientists should only be allowed to perform genetic engineering on animals when they have an accurate scientific knowledge based on a defensible hypothesis, about the possible discoveries their studies hold (Tannenbaum). Even before the discovery of genetic engineering

Teen Pregnancy and Ways to Prevent It Free Essays

Teen pregnancy is an important issue all over the country. This is an ongoing problem that must be dealt with. Teenage pregnancy can ruin a teen’s life and also the life of an infant. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Pregnancy and Ways to Prevent It or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I will discuss the many aspects of teenage pregnancy and how it affects the life of a teenager. Each year in the US almost 1 million teens become pregnant. While the facts are clear, the issues of teenage pregnancy are complicated. Talk of sex is everywhere in our society and young girls are portrayed as sex objects. Sex is used to sell everything from clothing to news and yet people are shocked at the rising number of teenagers who are sexually active. The concern about the welfare of infants and adolescents is so much that we must move beyond the denial and distinguish effective solutions that require us to come to a solution. Nowadays it is becoming more familiar to a teenager to be engaged in sexual activities. They have unprotected sex and have multiple partners. Today’s society is more open about the subject of sex than ever before. It is all over the television, the internet, and even on the radio and in music videos. It is all over the media and therefore teens believe it is ok to be promiscuous and do not think about the consequences they could face with an unexpected pregnancy and how much it will change their lives forever. Even though the best way to prevent a pregnancy is to be abstinent, there are many teens under a lot of pressure to have sex and engage in it quite frequently. Many seek the love and affection that they normally do not get at home and they usually find it in the form of sex with whomever they can get the attention from. They usually have a poor home life or low self esteem and may just be looking for love and acceptance in the form of sex to feel loved. Teenagers need encouragement to abstain from sex all together and they need to be given more information on the prevention of pregnancy if they are to become sexually active. Teens need to constantly hear strong messages about being responsible if they decide to engage in sexual activity. Parents should be the primary givers of these messages to guide them in the right direction. If teens are given positive life options then they are given hope for their futures as well as the motivation to avoid early pregnancies. Teen pregnancy has been an issue for many years. Even with all of the education on the subject it is still an issue that continues to be on the rise. There are lots of parents that don’t sit down and talk openly with their kids about sex and all of the consequences of their actions if faced with a pregnancy. Some teens don’t have the parental guidance they need to make the right choices, either because of single parent households that the parent works so much and does not have the time or can pay as much attention to them as the teen may like or parents that just plain don’t care what their kids are doing. Some of these kids go looking for love in all the wrong places and just want to fit in anywhere they can. They don’t think of the consequences if they are making bad choices. The best way to prevent teen pregnancies is to not only teach them about abstinence but also to inform them about the risks they could face if they chose to have unprotected sex or any kind of sex at all. They should be taught all of their options about being safe if they chose to make the decision to have sex. Some of these teachings should include what protected sex is and how it not only prevents them from an unwanted pregnancy but also from STD’s. Teen pregnancy rates in the United States have jumped for the first time in more than a decade and a campaign mandated by the government to reduce the issue is faltering (Stein, 2010). There are lots of political debates on teen pregnancy and the biggest debate is whether or not the federally funded programs on teaching teens abstinence are working or not and several experts blame the increase in teen pregnancies on sex education programs that focus on encouraging abstinence (Stein, 2010), instead of also teaching the use of contraceptives. Critics also argued that the disturbing data of the rise in teen pregnancies were just the latest in a long series of indications that the focus on abstinence programs was a dismal failure (Stein). Abstinence –only programs received more than $100 million in federal funding annually and $50 million in federal funding was given to states that utilized such programs (Medical News Today). James Wagoner, president of Advocates for Youth thinks that abstinence-only programs deny young people life-saving information about condoms and other forms of prevention. They should be taught all of their options about being safe from an unwanted pregnancy and STD’s, because by teaching abstinence only obviously is not working. Teens don’t realize that having a baby is a lot of responsibility financially as well as physically and mentally and they are not fully prepared to take on those responsibilities. So then it either falls in the hands of the teen’s parents or in the taxpayers in the form of welfare. Many teens that get pregnant not only suffer in school or drop out but they also could face other problems such as social or mental problems. Socially teen mothers have very limited social contact or friendships because their friends have moved on in school and with their social lives. The teen mother has little or no time for a social life because all of their time is focused on their child. Another problem they face is because of the lack of social interactions it could lead to depression or some sort of mental anxiety. Teens do have many options if they are faced with an unexpected pregnancy. Many unfortunately have abortions. There is also the option of giving the baby up for adoption; this would be the best option as it gives another family the chance at raising a child that they otherwise could not have of their own. That child may grow up very healthy and happy as opposed to growing up unwanted and possibly in poverty. According to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists adolescent mothers are significantly less likely to receive a high school diploma than teens that wait to have sex. They are also more likely to live in poverty, receive public assistance, and have long periods of welfare dependency. (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Teen Childbearing in the US costs federal, state, and local taxpayers at least $9. billion annually (Hoffman). Other issues of teen pregnancy is that it can be physically difficult for a teen girl to go through a pregnancy because she is still growing herself and her body may not be able to take the physical demand of being pregnant. They are less likely to seek medical attention such as prenatal care because many are afraid to tell their parents and it could prolong the much needed early prenatal care and if there are problems in the pregnancy, they could have been avoided with early care. Other problems could be that the teen may have been smoking or drinking or doing drugs at the time of conception and those things could be harmful to the baby. In turn if the baby is harmed there will more likely be added medical expenses before during and even after delivery. Some of the most obvious consequences of a teenage pregnancy is that the baby will not receive the adequate support it needs either financially or emotionally because the mother or father has not fully matured and usually has dropped out of school to take a meaningless job that pay minimum wage. Often times the baby will suffer from emotional problems ecause the parent or parents also have emotional problems from not being mature enough to raise a child. Some teenagers feel burdened by the child because they never had the chance to live out their teenage years and many times the child of these parents could feel this resentment. Another negative aspect could be that the children of teenage parents could suffer from neglect because the parent hasn’t matured enough to recognize the need for proper nutrition, or medical care or the child is usually left in the care of others while they go out, regardless of whether that person is trustworthy or not. Children of teenage mothers have significantly higher odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status, poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effects disappear and even some protective effects are observed (Sams). In conclusion a teenager is not fully equipped to care for a child and there could be devastating consequences for that child to be raised by a teenager whether it is because of financial burdens or emotional problems. Teenagers need to be made aware of all of these consequences and what could happen to them if they make the wrong choice of having sex before they are ready. References http://www.articlealley.com/article_479589_17.html How to cite Teen Pregnancy and Ways to Prevent It, Essay examples

Domestic Abuse Essay Research Paper DOMESTIC ABUSEFor free essay sample

Domestic Abuse Essay, Research Paper DOMESTIC ABUSE For Margaret, 14 old ages of maltreatment came to an terminal one dark when her hubby eventually got excessively intoxicated to wholly command his actions, he hit his girl. This is what it took for the constabulary to take her hubby to imprison, and give her the restraining order she had so urgently wanted for old ages. Her hubby had no anterior felon record, was a 20 four twelvemonth Mariene, had a good occupation, and a batch of friends. After his apprehension, he said the ground he did it was because Margaret had hid his intoxicant. Why do people mistreat their spouses, and why do the abused spouses stay in the relationships? Maltreatment and force are largely about control, the maltreater commanding the abused, either emotionally, physically, verbally, or mentally. Many physiologists agree that there is a rhythm of maltreatment. A adult male will mistreat a adult female, so demo compunction, so becomes even more violent. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Abuse Essay Research Paper DOMESTIC ABUSEFor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most adult females in these relationships believe that the maltreatment is because they are making something incorrect, so they try to delight the adult male, but nil will delight him, and so they mistake his possessiveness for love, and let the rhythm to reiterate itself. The typical male maltreater is non usually violent. He is usually insecure and covetous, and uses the maltreatment to do himself experience in control, more powerful, and is prone to adictiveness. The figure of adult females that get taken by these work forces is outstanding. Husbands, ex-husbands, and fellows kill about 1,400 adult females every twelvemonth, and three to four million adult females are battered by their spouses. Statisticss say that one in every three adult females will be abused in their grownup life-times, and force will happen at least one time in two-thirds of all matrimonies. In the united provinces, a adult female is more likely to be assaulted, injured, raped or killed by a male spouse than by any other type of attacker, and married woman whipping consequences in more hurts that require medical attending than colza, mugging, and car accidents combined, and during the six months following a domestic force incident, about 30 two per centum of adult females are v ictimized once more. Domestic force doesn t merely affect work forces mistreating adult females though, about five per centum of reported instances are filed by work forces. Sociological reattach suggests that despite work forces exposing more aggressive inclinations outside of domestic relationships, adult females are merely every bit likely to originate physically opprobrious Acts of the Apostless with in the family. One position on the maltreatment issue, and why it continues, is that our society has ignored the job, or blamed the victim, go forthing no room for an easy flight. So what keeps an abused individual in the opprobrious relationship? Greg Clayton, a professor at Brown University says it is of import to concentrate on the household background and cultural factors when looking at domestic maltreatment. Society and civilization have a batch to make with why a adult female would remain in an opprobrious relationship, every bit good as why the work forces are opprobrious. Men don T have a batch of resorts for managing their choler in most societies, doing them to take out their choler in the place. Besides, work forces that witness their male parents being opprobrious towards their female parents are one thousand times more likely to be opprobrious towards their spouses, and adult females who witnessed their female parents being abused are more likely to be victims. Besides, black adult fe males are more likely to seek aid than white adult females, and black adult females are more probably to kill their spouse, and Judaic adult females are more likely to remain in an opprobrious relationship than non-Jewish adult females are. But irrespective of cultural and societal groupings, idiot marks are apparent in about all opprobrious relationships. The national naval medical centre has made a checklist of marks to look for in an opprobrious personality: Jealousy- The maltreater will take a firm stand that the green-eyed monster is a mark of love, but it is a mark of possessiveness, and deficiency of trust. Controling behavior- The maltreater will often take a firm stand that a demand to command is based on a concern for the safety of the victim. Quick involvement- Many battered adult females dated or knew their maltreater for less than six months before they married or lived together. Unrealistic expectations- opprobrious people expect their spouses to full make full all their demands. They want the perfect individual. Isolation- The opprobrious individual attempts to forestall the victim from seeing friends and household. Hypersensitivity- Abusers are easy insulted. Rather than admit choler, they claim their feelings are hurt, and see everything as a personal onslaught. Past battering- Abusers often claim that past force was the victims mistake, this is about neer true. Most adult females who stay in opprobrious relationships do so because they feel trapped. After come ining a relationship that seems normal, a adult female may finally be faced with a spouse who exhibits green-eyed monster and unfavorable judgment. The adult female will get down to oppugn herself, and wonder if it s her mistake. When physical maltreatment takes topographic point, the adult female doesn t want to go forth the house, because she doesn T want anyone to see her contusions and know, so she becomes stray and down. Shame, confusion, and embarrassment, are lone portion of the obstruction confronting adult females who may desire to acquire aid, but feel unable to make so. Some people see marriage guidance as a solution, but harmonizing to most experts, it may decline the job. Clinical phycologyst, and manager for the domestic force institute says that come ining into reding to cover with maltreatment suggests that both spouses have contributed to the job, when in most instances that isn t true. Guidance may really take to the maltreater feeling validated in his thought that the maltreatment was the spouse s mistake. It is besides likely that the maltreater will be so enraged by the thought of guidance, that while he will move nice for the councilor, will take out his aggression on the victim one time they get place. Experts besides say that work forces may utilize guidance as a manner to entice the adult females back, stating they will alter. The married woman may be taken by her hubby s appeal, and sincere attempt to alter, and the rhythm will get down all over once more. Possibly most significantly, domestic maltreatment makes for high hazard of homicide. Womans who are abused are much more likely to be killed by their current of former spouse than adult females who are non abused. Sometimes there is an addition of menaces and force before a homicide, but non ever, so there is neer a manner to cognize when the force is traveling to be taken to far. Helping the victim realize that the best forecaster of future force is past force is really of import. When there is even one occurrence of force a critical line has been passed in a relationship. It must be assumed that the maltreatment will go on, and that any maltreatment will non be permitted.

Alcoholism a Disease or Choice free essay sample

As is the case with other addictions, alcoholism is considered a disease by many in the medical community, including the American Medical Association. A drawback to framing alcoholism as a disease is that we tend to think of diseases as something that needs to be diagnosed by a professional, Young said. However, physicians often only meet with patients for a short time and cannot possibility have the same insight into an individuals habits as she herself. 1. Dont miss these Health stories 1. US races to make bird flu vaccine – just in case Less than two weeks after Chinese officials released the genetic sequence of a new type of bird flu, U. S. vaccine experts are well on the way to making a vaccine to protect people against it. 2. 1 in 4 skin cancer survivors skips sunscreen, study finds 3. A few see music all around them (literally) . Bad Picture Monday: Unflattering pics spur movement 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcoholism a Disease or Choice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ADHD diagnosis in kids can spotlight parents own condition I know of addicts who have been able to get a professional to tell them they are not addicted, and then use that as justification to continue their excessive drinking, Young said. The disease model also gives the false impression that alcoholism is solely a biological disorder, Young said, leading some researchers tend to adopt a narrow view, focusing on particular chemicals or brain cells that might be involved. We tend to look at smaller and smaller parts of the human body, and the human mind and the human brain, to find the cause of something, Young said. In doing so, we lose sight of the bigger picture, including social and cultural influences that may play a role in alcoholism development. Factors including who you spend time with, how many liquor stores are near you and your religious affiliation all are linked with how much you drink, Young said. Solutions Young said he prefers to use the word allergy to describe alcoholism. It is less threatening to consider the idea that one ight have an allergy than to consider the idea that one might be permanently diseased, Young said. With alcoholism, theres a dichotomy — you either are [an alcoholic] or yo ure not. And that sort of marks you as an individual — youre either normal or youre deviant. Young said. With allergies, the deviance is much less significant. In addition, drinkers should not feel they have to leave their diagnosis to a physician. People should give weight to their own experiences, including what they perceive their drinking is doing to their lives, Young said. Advertise | AdChoices Advertise | AdChoices Advertise | AdChoices Other experts point out that the problem of disease stigmatization or identity crisis is not unique to alcoholism. It really doesnt matter what illness you have; people have a sense of loss, said Dr. Ihsan Salloum, chief of the Division of Alcohol and Drug abuse at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; who also called the Youngs article more philosophical than scientific. The disease model has helped us understand alcoholism and develop drugs for the condition, Salloum said. However, Salloum agreed there is a need to take into account subjectivity when diagnosing and treating the condition. When somebody is suffering, its not only the organ thats suffering, its the whole person, Salloum said. If doctors want to help patients accept their diagnosis as an alcoholic, they should work to understand how the patient is processing whats happening to him or her, Salloum said. Pass it on: Viewing alcoholism as a disease may create problems in terms of diagnosing, treating and understanding the condition.

With close reference to language examine how fitting a close Act 5 scene II forms to the play Essays

With close reference to language examine how fitting a close Act 5 scene II forms to the play Essays With close reference to language examine how fitting a close Act 5 scene II forms to the play Paper With close reference to language examine how fitting a close Act 5 scene II forms to the play Paper the Queen Gertrude and Claudius himself are dead. These characters meet their end either through carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts, accidental judgements, casual slaughters or Of deaths put on by cunning and forcd cause. When Hamlet puts Denmark in the hands of Fortinbras and dies on the throne, he is bringing an end to all the corruption that Denmark suffered during Claudiuss reign. Hence we see that Act 5 scene ii, is a fitting close to the play Hamlet because, all the relationships, corruption and plotting that had begun in the beginning of the play has come to a halt, and has ended. We are given a last insight into the characters of Claudius and Gertrude, in their dying lines. O my dear Hamlet! The drink, the drink! I am poisond. We see her love for her son Hamlet. And her loyalty toward Claudius, even while on her death bed she wont give away his secret; that he has poisoned the wine to kill Hamlet. O yet defend me, friends. I am but hurt. Very characteristic of Claudius, who was possessive of the power and authority he had gained by killing his brother. He is so possessive of the power and authority that he is not willing to give it up, even when he is dying. The most important element that makes this scene a fitting close to the play is the restoration of order into the troubled state of Denmark. In his dying speech Hamlet hands over Denmarks Sovereignty to Fortinbras. This would have put the Elizabethan audiences mind at rest, as they strongly believed in order; and considered it extremely essential in the running of a country.

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Sexuality - Essay Example Men do not seem to have as many body images as women do. Men and women do think about their bodies differently. Men seem to be more confident that women. I believe this is a society stereotype. Men are never portrayed as too old. An example would be Hugh Hefner. Despite looking like an old man, Hefner is always surrounded by young women. Not just one young devotee, but Hefner is dating three or four women at a time. I believe in this instance it is Hefner’s confidence, not his looks that make him appealing to women. His money does not hurt either. On the other hand, when an older woman dates or marries a younger man, like Demi Moore and Ashton Kutcher, the woman is a cougar. Even Demi has tried to keep up a youthful image with cosmetic surgeries. Women are more pressured to look young. Another way that men and women differ about their body image is weight. An overweight man can still attract women. In restaurants or in public I have observed fat men show up with a date more than fat women. This is reflected in the media as well. For example Kevin James, James Gandolfini, and other actors are shown with skinny partners on and off the screen. They also get more press than heavy female stars. I also feel that race has to do with body image. African American women are more comfortable with their bodies than white women. No matter the size, African American women wear makeup, dress up, and portray a sense of pride. Heavier white women tend to wear baggy clothes, no makeup, and try to hide themselves from society. Black men seem to accept heavier women and find that more attractive. White men want skinny women with big breasts. Another body image point that Americans perpetrate is the tanned blonde that stands about 5’10 and weighs about 100 lbs. Ethnic models are sometimes accepted if blue eyed, but dark black models are discouraged. Ethnic hair is also discouraged. African American women wear wigs and straighten their hair. I

Ethical Issues in Medical Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethical Issues in Medical Practices - Essay Example Many a time in courtrooms there have been incidents when lawyers or rivals have been able to search thorough a persons medical records and have been able to turn the case on its head because they have been able to find out some medical condition that the opponent had or for which they are under treatment and hence there have been hindrances in providing justice. The revelation of such information might also be a source of shame for the concerned person because he might not want a certain medical condition to be revealed to the world, for instance the patients of aids have been shunned by the society and this leads to the destruction of self image and self concept and the concerned person can only lead a hermit like life from that point onwards. What if a person, who does not have a contagious disease, wants to live a normal life and function as he did before having the disease His whole life would be disrupted due to a disclosure of a medical condition and who is to blame for that Th ough there are many federal rules and regulations for such instances but there were still loop holes in the system that had to identified and secured and this had to be done in a very comprehensive manner so that security should be provided to every person and the implementation of such a system would not create more hindrances in the health care system. In these conditions the HIPAA (Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act) developed a comprehensive plan and covered all aspects of the disclosure of health care information, the suggestions and the rules and regulations stated by the HIPAA have been implemented and hence we can conclude that the security of health care information is a fundamental right that every one is entitled and that should exactly be the case. Rules and Regulations of the HIPAA: There are certain rules and regulations that the HIPAA needs all health care service providers to follow and the paper is based on analyzing these rules and regulations. a) General Provision: The privacy rules allows certain incidental and uses and disclosure but it needs that the reasonable safeguard and minimum necessary standard has been met with where ever it is applicable (Reference: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa/guidelines/incidentalud.pdf) this is in place to ensure the working of the health care system in an efficient manner so that people do not feel hesitant when they need to use the health care services and it should not also be a burden on health care professionals therefore it is permitted under the rules and regulations of the HIPAA that a physician can disclose the medical conditions to a surgeon at another hospital because that needs to be done but even when this is being done the reasonable safeguard and minimum necessary standard rule has to be complied with. b) Reasonable Safe Guards: An entity must have all the proper checks in place for the security of the information regarding health care of patients, this should be done on the technical front, administrative front and also physical safeguards should be made. Incidental disclosure of information is reduced to the bare minimal when these safeguards are in place and most health care insurances have applied the following in their organizational culture to reduce the risks of incidental closures: 1) Speaking quietly when discussing a patient's

The discovery of DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The discovery of DNA - Essay Example The two strands of the helix run in opposite directions (1 â€Å"up† and 1 â€Å"down†). The inner edges of the helices are formed by the nitrogenous bases and they run in pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds and cytosine pairs with guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds (Murray et al, 2007). Though this can dictate side-to-side pairing, there is no clue about the order along the molecule. According to Watson and Crick, the variety in genetic code can be due to the variability along the molecule. DNA replicates itself through ‘semi-conservative’ replication. The DNA molecule first unzips and new matching bases are added to create new molecules of DNA. Thus each new molecule of DNA has one ‘old’ strand and one ‘new’ strand (Murray et al, 2007). The discovery history of DNA can be dated back to 1870s and 1890s when mitosis and meiosis were discovered. In 1928, Frederick Griffiths experiment on pneumonia bacteria and mice hinted that DNA was the genetic code material. In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed an experiment on viruses and hinted that viral genetic code material was DNA and not protein capsid. In the early 1950s, Rosalind Franklin attempted to figure out the structure of DNA using bouncing back of X-rays but failed. However, she had some photographs of DNA crystallography and from these photographs, James Watson and Francis Crick determined that the structure of DNA was double helix. The duo received Nobel prize for this in 1962 (Biology education, 1996). DNA is present in the chromosomes of most of the living beings. The human genome approximately has 3 billion base pairs of DNA which are arranged in the 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sequence pieces of DNA form genes which carry vital information. The genetic information is achieved by complementary base pairing. Transmission, transcription and translation are the steps involved in transmission of

Social Reactions To Interracial Relationships

Social Reactions To Interracial Relationships The United States Supreme Court In 1967 ruled that Virginias anti-miscegenation laws were not in accord with the principles set forth in the constitution of the state and put a stop to all of the legal restrictions that were in place against marriages amongst mixed race (Erin, 2005). Since that time there has been a remarkable increase in the number of marriages amongst mix race in the United States (Lewis and Yancey, 1997), and the figures of interracial couples has also become twice as much every decade since 1960 (Killian, 2002). Statistics show that currently there are about 3 million interracial marriages, which make up 5% of all marriages in the United States, and another 2.5 million mix race couples that are dating (Hibbler and Shinew, 2002). Interracial marriages can include the combination of White, Blacks, Asians, Hispanics, and any other group. However, when people talk about interracial relationships, the first things that mostly come to their mind is relationships amongst black and white (Vernellia, 1998). The rate of growth of interracial marriages is increasing by the day. In particular, the kind of interracial intermingling involving Blacks and Whites has been constantly changing. Immediately after Emancipation, the figures of black and white interracial relationships increased, got to its peak in 1900, and subsequently decrease till 1940. However, this form of union is still the least common type of mix race union (Davidson, 1992), even though the Black and White intermarriages has been on the increase since the 90s (Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan, 1990). There are a lot of reasons for the sharp increase in the figures of the different form of interracial marriages. One of the reasons is the Supreme Court decision in 1967 that made anti- miscegenation laws unconstitutional (Kalmijn, 1993). The close in the gap narrowed down between Blacks and Whites education, occupation and income (Kalmijn, 1993). Also, data from National Center for Health Statistics indicates the decrease in Whites prejudice against Blacks (Kalmijn, 1993). Further more, the increase in interracial marriage can be linked to the progress made by the Civil Rights movement, the increase in opportunities afforded Black people, and the increase in social contact between the races (Davidson, 1992). This research aim at reviewing the historical background of interracial relationship both interracial dating and marriage, and also factors attributed to relationships amongst mix race. This research also focuses on the opinions of the youth to interracial relationship in the 21th century. In general, the main aim of this piece is to examine interracial relationships, whether marriage or casual dating and the attitude of the youths towards it, taking foreign pre- masters students at ICRGU from different regions as samples. The reason for the study of different forms of relationships is because some individual rather prefer to go into a causal date, than going into a serious relationships that might lead to marriage. But this research will not only look at attitude towards interracial relationships from perspective of preference. It will look at possible points of meeting a person from another region or origin, and what might probably propel someone into such relationship base on pers onalities and compatibility. The research questions are as follows: What are the attitudes of the youths towards relationship amongst mix race in the 21th century? How popular is relationships amongst mix race. Factors affecting relationships amongst mix race. LITERATURE REVIEW This section of review on the interracial relationships will basically focus on three major tittles, which are The characters of those going into interracial relationships Theories why people marry outside of their race taking blacks and whites form of union as study sample. Social reactions to interracial relationship. To start with, characteristics of those in interracial relationships, in terms of marriage, research shows that people who interracially marry tend to be younger, likelihood of being married before, live in developed environment like cities or town, or are older in age from their spouse compared to people who married within their own race (Erin, 2005). Research founds that male and female within a particular racial group to an extent have different tendency to get married to someone outside their racial group (Erin, 2005). For instance, Black male have high records of interracial compared to black females. Also, Japanese and Native American woman have much higher numbers of interracial marriages compared to their male counterparts (Erin, 2005). In the U.S interracial marriages currently are highest in the west and lowest in the southern region. However, Hawaii breaks the normal trends of interracial marriages. Hawaii has a unique racial makeup in that no single racial group makes up more than 25% of the population and nearly 40% of all marriages interracial (Solberry, 1994). Therefore, it is significant to note that interracial couples tend to often move to more hospitable areas of the country (Tucker and Mitchellkernan, 1990). Further more, many theories have been established to explain the reasons behind people getting married to race other than their race, and success of such marriage to stand test of time. Structural theory states that marriages among mix race is more frequent in areas where community structure have been kept in place to support and authorize interracial marriages, and also community were there is increase in awareness of peoples personal decision to go into such a union. Recent attention given to interracial marriage in the media and in popular literature along with more people living and working in more integrated environments has lead to an increased acceptance of heterogeneous relationships (Hibbler and Shinew, 2002). Another predominant theory on reason people chose to marry outside of their race is the social exchange theory. Using Black-White interracial marriage for instance, social exchange theory states that when White women marry Black men, who usually are of higher economic status, they exchange the prestige of their skin color for the Black husbands higher economic status (Davidson, 1992; Kalmijn, 1993; Lewis and Yancey, 1997). However, Black women have been found to marry down in both interracial and same race unions, which seem to prove that Black-White interracial marriage is more complex than just an exchange of status (Foeman and Nance, 1999). An additional theory, which attempts to account for the union of interracial relationships, is the racial motivation theory (Kouri and Lasswell, 1993). The racial motivation theory states that many interracial marriages take place because of racial differences, not in spite of them (Kouri and Lasswell, 1993). From this view, it can be said that curiosity about differences in race, increases sexual interest or attraction to someone not of same race. This theory also says that those who intermarry may be acting in rebellion against social norms of racial endogamy and using the marriage as a way to state their independence (Kouri and Lasswell, 1993). Finally, there has been a change in the societal view of interracial marriages. Many studies have shown that there is less pressure in society today to have racially homogeneous relationships than in the past (Lewis Yancey, 1997). Never the less there are still some discriminations in some form of interracial union. Using the union of Black and White for instance, recent studies still suggest that the Black-White interracial union, especially the Black male-White female union, is still the most negatively viewed relationship type (Norment, 1994). There have been many researches on the history of discrimination against Black-White Interracial union. Today, the relationship between Blacks and Whites is seen as different from that of other minorities. When one speaks of race relations in America, the majority of people immediately think of the struggles between Black and White people (Killian, 2002; Wright et. al, 2003). Despite the dramatic increase in Black-White marriages, they are still the least favorable form of interracial marriage in America (Wade, 1991), and they are still considered to be a taboo subject by some (Harris and Kalbfleisch, 2000). According to survey carried out among Blacks and White marriage, in the study of 270 interracial couples, it was found that nearly half reported that marrying someone not from their race makes marriage difficult, while about two thirds reported that at least one of the parent objected to their marriage (Fears and Deane, 2001). Although there is increase in the tolerance of interracial couples, there are still powerful forces in society that make Black-White interracial marriage hard and unappealing (Dainton, 1999). Many Black-White interracial couples report that they face discrimination from members of their own particular race; European Americans view them as being too Black and African Americans view them as being not Black enough (Orbe, 1999). Another source of discrimination for those in interracial marriages is often the family. The majority of people in interracial marriages have said that they have had to face one or both parents express serious concern to outright disapproval of their choice to marry interracially. Most of the time , this disapproval are always expressed verbally, and in the case where couple goes on with the marriage, some certain members of the family not in support of the union might refuse to attend any important event organized by the couples, such as wedding, holiday celebrations, family reunion or even family visitation. In some extreme cases, members of interracial marriages have reported having lost all contact for years at a time with once close members of their families (Luke and Carrington, 2000). But, one part of the twos couples tend to be more acceptant than the other. Studies have also found that acceptance of interracial marriages is increasing at a rapid rate and an increasing number of interracial couples are reporting that their families have openly accepted their interracial relationship, and they feel comfortable speaking about their relationship in public (Fears Deane, 2001, Rosenblatt et. al., 1995). However, attitudes towards interracial relationships have been found to vary based on race, age, and gender. In a study of Black and White people between the ages of 21 and 40, it was reported that men have more positive attitudes towards interracial relationships compared to women, and also those that are younger have more favorable views on interracial relationships (Datzman and Gardner 2000). It was also found that the families of the Black partner in interracial relationships tend to be more accepting and supportive than the families of the White partner (Hibbler and Shinew, 2002). In another study eighty-six percent of Black respondents said that their families would welcome a White person into their family compared to only 55% of White respondents who said their families would welcome a Black person into their family (Fears Deane, 2001). This research however is not just about interracial relationships among blacks and white, the review is to build up facts associated with interracial relationship considering researches already done on different topics on interracial relationships which can help answer some of the research questions. This research aims at cutting across all forms of interracial relationships, and types of relationships, whether causal dating or marriages and associated factors that influences the opinion of people towards going into it. Also, it aims at finding the opinion of the youth towards interracial relationships in the 21th century. METHOLOGY The research targeted at getting the opinions and attitudes of the youths towards interracial relationships, whether just casual dating or marriages. Considering the limitation both time and resources, the research were conducted among international students of ICRGU who are from different parts of the world, namely, China, Nigeria and Kazakhstan. The final sample of students consist of 4 Chinese (1 males, 3 females), 3 Nigerians (2 males, 1 female), and 3 Kazakhstanis (1 male, 2 females), all between the age of 20-35. None of the participant is married. Interviews were conducted on each of the participants to explore their attitudes toward interracial relationships. Qualitative data were collected by the means of follow-up interviews with the respondents who participated in the survey. The interviews with the respondents were semi- structured interview, including general questions as well as sets of questions for individuals who either have family members or friends, or know someone who was is into interracially relationship. Generally, all the questions aimed at getting disposition towards interracial relationships, and also general opinion towards interracial relationships. DISCUSSION Over the decades now, many studies have been made on interracial relationships and so far shown many controversies. The study on interracial relationships is a wide study, but very interesting study. This research however focused on the opinion of the youths towards interracial relationships, and has been proven that there is increase in the awareness of youth towards interracial relationships, unlike in the past. The table 1 shows the numbers of participants both male and female who took part in the survey, and their opinion on whether they can go into a relationship with someone not of their race. About 60% agreed they can go into interracial relationships, while about 20% disagree not to going into interracial relationships. 20% percent others would want to, but are restricted because of some factors like family acceptance or their culture. Table 2, shows the participants general opinion towards interracial marriages, and from the table, there is a trend of acceptance in some region compared to other regions. Fig 2.1 and 2.2 shows the percentages of both male and females opinions towards interracial marriages. Figure2.1 shows individual dispositions towards interracial marriage and about 60% sounded positive of getting married to someone outside their race, and about 40% wouldnt want to get married to someone not from their race. Figure 2.2 shows the general opinion on interracial marriages, and about 90% feels nothing is wrong in going into interracial marriages, while about 10% feels interracial marriages isnt ideal. Even with challenges faced in interracial relationship, its still something one can rule out from happening. According to Mr. John, he feels with high speed travel and communication technology in this age of globalization interracial marriages will always happen irrespective of the family, cultural believes, or societal opinion. But he feels to preserve culture, interracial marriage is not ideal. Miss Ama also feels marriage has nothing to do with culture or believes. She feels as long as there is love and the both parties understand themselves, marrying each other shouldnt be a problem. She also didnt rule out difficulties that might come with the marriage such as language barriers but she said if the 2 parties are strong enough to overcome the challenges that will make them strong. Generally, from the research, it was observed most believe interracial relationships have to do with the personal decisions and feeling. According to Miss Beauty, she feels going into interracial relationship is a personal thing. She also said as long as there is respect and happiness, there is nothing wrong about interracial relationships. To add to this, Miss Ama said feeling is a thing of the mind irrespective of color, culture or religion , you dont expect it, it just happens. When happens and you feel the person is the right choice for you, you just go for it. One of the limitations in this research is the time frame. The time frame to complete this research isnt long enough to get more samples for analyzing the topic in context. The research was restricted to little numbers of participants and limited questions to elaborate more on the factors affecting opinions so as to have enough time to execute the aim of the research. However, with previous review on related research, the aim of the research was accomplished. Another limitation was the numbers of different regions availably. In the pre masters class of ICRGU where the survey was carried out, presently have students mainly from 3 countries namely, Nigeria, China, and Kazakhstan. The effect of this is that, there were limitations to cultural behaviors and believes considering the topic was generally on opinion of the youths in the 21th century, and just 3 countries were available for the survey. CONCLUSION An interracial relationship is where there is marriage, sexual or romantic relations between individuals of different races. In the past, interracial marriages were in fact taboo in some parts of the world, but with globalization there has been a change in ideology about interracial relationship. From the result of the survey, it suggests that there is increase in the awareness of interracial relationships. It also suggests there is an increase in the acceptance of going into a relationship with someone of different race. However, there are still some believes that interracial relationships, especially marriage if encourage, could lead to cultures being eradicated, in this light very few persons wont support such union so as to preserve culture. The finding in the studies also shows that about 90% of the participants feel there is nothing wrong in going into interracial relationships, as long as both parties love each other and have reasons to want to go into such relations, and also can solve their differences. There are some attitudes common to the participants of this survey which are, All participants are in their 20s and are all international students of ICRGU who are from different countries, and might want to try something new. They have been opportune to meet with other students from other countries. Considering might be the first time most of them have the opportunity to meet different people with different culture, color, background and country. They believe as long as the 2 parties are willing to pass the huddles, there is nothing wrong in interracial relationships Lastly, they feel relationship is the thing of the heart. It has nothing to do with color, culture or country. As long as the two parties can cope with their differences. There are a lot of controversies on interracial relationships because believes of every individuals varies. But according to this research, it can be said to some extent that interracial relationships is somehow accepted and there is increase in awareness. In light of the increasing rates of interracial relationship and the opinion of people towards it, there is still a great deal of research that needs to be done on this topic. One of the researches needs to discuss more on the success of interracial marriages.

sports marketing :: essays research papers fc

When it comes to sports television what you can see on certain stations has become a very specific and high money motivated system. Whether the sport is baseball, football, the Olympics, NASCAR or college sports the industry has grown in leaps and bounds. But in order to see this concept fully grow into a big business situation you must first look at its humble and less complicated beginnings. In the beginning the NCAA was just a mere thought in somebodies head. In 1905 a meeting between the then President Roosevelt and 13 athletic institutions directors sparked the debate over college football schedules and who was going to play whom. Of course with this conversation football playing rules were discussed. Because of this and other meetings the IAAUS (Intercollegiate Athletics Association of the United States) was formed. In 1906 the program was changed to its now famous name of the NCAA. In 1952 a program to control live television of football games was approved, the annual convention delegated enforcement powers to the Association’s Council and legislation was adopted governing post season bowl games. The Association’s membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions in 1973 at the first special Convention ever held. Five years later, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in the sport of football. Nearly 25 years later the program was making billion dollar deals to just sell the rights to show a particular championship games. In 1999 the negotiation of a comprehensive championships rights agreement with CBS was worth potentially $6 billion dollars payout over 11 years. This was not always the way as you can already tell by the previous history on the NCAA, the mom and pop concept was gone to a big business, corporate event. In the beginning coaches came together, in the NCAA, to decide which schools within their conference would play against other schools in the conference. Certain schools later on would extend invitations to join conferences or to have conference playoffs but none the less things were decided by the individuals rather than big business. In the early 90's negotiations became more and more and the coaches had the scheduling taken out of their hands and it was out into the hands of big business. Next we can tackle the kinds of schedules that exist for sports and which are used most often. There are two types of schedules for sports programming, temporally constrained schedules and temporally relaxed schedules.

Remedial Instruction

Remedial Instruction in English 1. Define and enumerate the procedure of the following: a. augmentative picture( Communication) device †¢These devices of technology can range from: †¢A board with pictures representing a student’s daily needs †¢Words, phrases, sentences symbolically represented on a communication display as photographs, line drawings, tangible objects or letters †¢Electronic speech synthesizers (prerecorded speech, or segments of words, computers and portable electronic devices. †¢Augmentative communication devices help individuals in producing and/or understanding speech. b. Bean bag tossing -Cornhole, also known as bean bag toss, corn toss, baggo or bags, is a lawn game in which players take turns throwing corn hole bags at a raised platform with a hole in the far end. A bag in the hole scores 3 points, while one on the platform scores 1 point. Play continues until a team or player reaches the score of 21. Procedure †¢Bean bag to ssing matches are broken down into innings or frames [1] of play. During each inning, every player throws four bags. A player may deliver the bag from either the left or right pitcher's box, but, in any one inning, all bags must be delivered from the same pitcher's box.It is possible that both players can throw from the same pitcher's box. Also, the player gets a three foot box to throw in. Each player must deliver the bag within twenty seconds. The time starts when the player steps onto the pitcher's box with the intention of pitching. The player who scored in the preceding inning pitches first in the next inning. If neither pitcher scores, the contestant or team who pitched last in the preceding inning pitches first in the next inning. Note: one foot cannot pass the back of the board while tossing the corn bag, otherwise the point does not count. Bean bag tossing can be played as either doubles or singles. In doubles play, four players split into two teams. One member from each te am pitches from one cornhole platform and the other members pitch from the other. The first side of players alternate pitching bags until both players have thrown all four of their bags, then the players pitching from the opposing cornhole board continue to alternate in the same manner until all four of their bags are delivered and the inning or frame is completed. In singles play, two players play against each other.Delivery is handled in the same manner as doubles play. Both contestants pitch from the same cornhole platform and alternate their pitches until all of their bags have been pitched, completing the inning or frame. c. Sensory putty †¢Therapy Putty is the clinician's all-purpose answer for children who are nervous, anxious, distracted, or withdrawn in therapy. Most children can't resist Therapy Putty—It can be squeezed, stretched, twisted, and pulled into an endless assortment of shapes. It gives children an engaging yet undemanding activity that helps them ca lm down and sit still.And it often serves as an effective ice-breaker, leading the child into relaxed and productive discussion. †¢Therapy Putty is formulated to ensure long-lasting plasticity. It contains only organic, NON-BLEED colors, and it is odorless and nontoxic. It is also ideal for developing hand-muscle strength and increasing endurance. To gently increase range of motion or reduce stiffness, use Extra-Soft Tan. As strength increases, gradually increase the resistance of putty. Varying resistances are indicated by color Procedure 1.Stretch the Theraputty out and hide coins or small objects in it. Then roll it up into a ball. Have the child pull the putty apart and find all the objects you put in there. 2. Roll the putty out into a long thin snake. Have the child use their index finger to flatten the snake all along its body. Then, using their pincer grip (index finger to thumb) have them squeeze the putty back up. I should now look like a spiky dinosaur! 3. Holding th e putty in one hand, have the child pinch pieces of the putty off at a time with each finger opposing the thumb d. Sandtray technique Sandtray therapy is considered an expressive and dynamic form of psychotherapy that facilitates expression of thoughts through metaphor and symbols, according to the Sandtray Therapy Institute. The technique aims at healing individuals by allowing them to get in touch with their inner processes and past experiences. The Institute touts its ability to let people become who they are meant to be, rather than being limited by what they were taught when they were younger. †¢is a form of expressive therapy that is also known as sandplay and the world technique.It was developed by Margaret Lowenfeld, Goesta Harding, De Domenico, Charlotte Buehler, Bolgar, Fisher, Ruth Bowyer, and Dora Kalff. This non-verbal method of therapy is often used with children, but can be applied to adults, teens, couples, families, and groups as well. Sand tray therapy allows a client to construct their own microcosm using miniature toys and colored sand. The newly created microcosm then acts as a reflection of the client’s own life and allows them the opportunity to resolve conflicts, remove obstacles, and to connect to their inner being and recognize the beauty of their own soul as they begin to accept themselves.Procedure – One of the most common techniques used in sand tray therapy is the world technique. This approach involves the use of miniatures. Clients are encouraged to use miniature toys, figurines and objects in the sand in way they choose. They can add water to the sand, and place the miniatures in the sand tray in any order. The design of the sand tray is guided by their imagination and their subconscious. The result is a microcosm of their inner world. The world within the sand tray is expressed through symbolism and metaphor, and may not even make immediate sense to the client.But aided by the therapist, a client, even a chi ld, can begin to recognize the relationship between the creation in the sand and their own inner world. -The humanistic approach is another common strategy applied in sand tray therapy. Clinicians who use this technique rely solely on the client to find solutions to their problems, using the sand as a tool for healing. Through creative expression, a client is able to manifest in sand things they would otherwise not be able to vocalize or address in traditional therapy.The therapist treats the client as whole and healed, knowing that the process of sand tray therapy allows the client to find the answers that are already within them. e. Pad cast †¢a digital recording of music, news or other media that can be downloaded from the internet to a portable media player. The term originated from â€Å"P. O. D. †, meaning Portable On Demand, and â€Å"cast†, relating to the term broadcast †¢Anyone can create a podcast. All over the world, people are creating podcasts o n subjects ranging from movies, to technology, to music, to politics and whatever else you can think of.This is new original content made by passionate people who want to share their creativity with the world. †¢The cost to start podcasting is so low that anyone can do it. Most podcasters are everyday people like you and me. They could be talking to you driving in their car, sitting in their living room or speaking at a conference. You get to glimpse into their life and into their interests. †¢Podcasters are creating very raw and real content and listeners are responding. Free from corporate radio and broadcast regulations, you can create whatever kind of show you can imagine. Some podcasts are â€Å"talk show† style. Others introduce you to the latest bands and music. With podcasts you can stay current on the news, get a glimpse into someone’s life, listen to move reviews and the list goes on. †¢Most podcasts are made by people who are very passionate a bout their subject. Passion is infectious and interesting to listen to. Since the birth of podcasting, a huge variety of shows have shown up on the internet. †¢In addition, many major media outlets are also now offering podcasts. You can listen to NPR, Rush Limbaugh and many major news outlets by podcast. f. Math Manipulatives In math classrooms today, teachers are using manipulatives to help students learn mathematics. Manipulative materials are any concrete objects that allow students to explore an idea in an active, hands-on approach. Manipulatives can be almost anything –blocks, shapes, spinners or even paper that is cut or folded. †¢The power of using manipulatives is that they let the student connect mathematical ideas and symbols to physical objects, thus promoting better understanding. For example, students in grade 5 must learn about decimal numbers. Students ma ke a common mistake nwhen comparing 0. 7 and 0. 6, thinking that 7 tenths is a smaller number th an 56 hundredths. This is because students think that a two-digit number, such as 56hundredths is larger than a one-digit number, 7 tenths. That â€Å"rule† works for wholenumbers, but not decimals. If the students are asked to build these numbers using amanipulative such as base ten blocks, they can immediately see that 7 tenths is larger than56 hundredths. They connect the model to the concept of the size of the numbers. With many experiences building and representing using manipulatives, students can deepen their understanding of abstract math concepts.It can also be tools to help students solve problems. By using physical models to represent their thinking, they can move and adapt the materials as they explore possiblesolutions to problems G. Raised line paper †¢One way to assist students with difficulty in writing is by offering raised-line paper. The lines on this paper are embossed, which raises them slightly. This provides both visual and tactile cues for student s who have difficulty with letter formation, spacing and â€Å"staying in the lines. † As students write, they will â€Å"feel† the lines both with their fingers and through the motion of their pencils.This may help students to form letters and words more accurately, increasing their feeling of success with writing tasks. †¢When using this kind of tool in your classroom, it’s best to provide it for everyone if possible. This will help class projects or bulletin boards to look uniform in appearance. More importantly, kids with disabilities will have an opportunity to see that they are using the same materials as their peers. Already acutely aware that they struggle with writing, they don’t need to be self-conscious about using different paper than everyone else.In order to save money, kids can use scrap paper or regular paper for writing or dictating rough drafts, and then use the raised-line paper for final copies if necessary Procedure †¢Just p repare the tools(the particular paper) and let the students follow the lines I the paper. h. Sparkle †¢A spelling word game than has been played a lot in classrooms is Sparkle. The basic game goes like this. The person in charge of calling out the words can be the teacher or a student. When the first word is called out, the first person starts spelling it, saying only the first letter.The second person says the second letter and so on down the line. Whoever says the last letter of the word turns to the next person and says â€Å"sparkle† or any other word of your choosing, like â€Å"Whoo-hoo† or â€Å"Gotcha. † The person who would have been next is out, because he or she got â€Å"sparkled†. †¢The game continues with the leader calling out another word. Any time a student misspells a word, that student is out. Some teachers have a student sit down if they are not paying attention and do not know it is their turn or do not remember the previous letter. This helps improve listening skills.Procedure 1. The class forms a circle. 2. The teacher says a list word. 3. The first student says the first letter of the word. 4. The next in line says the second letter. 5. The student next in line says the third letter. This continues until all letters of the list word have been spoken. 6. The student in line AFTER the last letter, then says the list word. 7. The next student in line says â€Å"SPARKLE† and is OUT, and returns to his seat. 8. Anytime a student says the wrong letter, he is out and returns to his seat. 9. I usually give the winner a cap eraser, pencil grip, or something like that. . Adaptive reading materials Multisensory techniques are frequently used for students withLearning Disabilities (LD) Multisensory teaching techniques and strategies stimulate learning by engaging students on multiple levels. They encourage students to use some or all of their senses to: †¢Gather information about a task; †¢Link information to ideas they already know and understand; †¢Perceive the logic involved in solving problems; †¢Learn problem-solving steps; †¢Tap into nonverbal reasoning skills; †¢Understand relationships between concepts; and †¢Learn information and store it for later recall.

Mighty Ducks: Movie Critique

Movie Critique: The Mighty Ducks – 1 Introduction The first â€Å"The Mighty Ducks† movie raises numerous aspects of sociology in sport that will be analyzed in this paper. The two aspects of sociology in sport that were prevalent in the Mighty Ducks movie were: ethics and gender. This movie provides an example of a character who begins the story as a morally bankrupt individual with a â€Å"win at all cost† attitude. Through his experience coaching a young hockey team, Bombay learns the true meaning of sport and transforms into ethically and morally sound individual.The first installment of the Mighty Ducks trilogy also presents an interesting case of a female skater who fulfills the stereotype that girls should figure skate and boys should play hockey. However, the mere inclusion of a girl on a boys hockey team also served to challenge the stereotype at a time when women’s hockey was not nearly as accepted as it is today. The Mighty Ducks Movie provides a study into an ethical transformation, and provides examples of both conforming and challenging gender stereotypes, while providing an engaging story in which appeals to members of society young and old alike.Ethics: In the sporting world, athletes, coaches, managers, and fans face times when they must make ethical decisions. The moral values and character of the individual may be challenged during many different circumstances. Sometimes this will occur spontaneously within ones subconscious, other occasions it is thought out over a period of time. The Mighty Duck movie poses several situations in which the character’s ethics are in question. Early in the movie, Coach Bombay is sentenced to community service in which he must coach a pewee hockey team.This suggests the idea that sport alone has the capacity to teach morality and that it can eliminate deviance. This thinking leans predominantly on the positive aspects of sport, however in doing so, the movie neglected to quest ion the morality of the â€Å"win at all cost† mentality Bombay demonstrated in the courtroom and during his earlier playing days. Fortunately, in real life, organized hockey associations in Canada would avoid selecting a head coach who has the power to influence and mould young minds in the manner shown in the movie.If a convicted drunk driver were to be ordered to serve community service, he or she would already have demonstrated a lack of judgement and ethical standards required to coach minor hockey. â€Å"The leadership style of a coach and the strategies they employ in decision-making in the sport setting may have a direct and lasting impact youth† (Kowalski et al. , 2007). Ethically, coaches must be held to a higher set of standards than average members of society. It is the standards put in place by sport organizations that is intended to ensure that all coaches meet or exceed the ethical requirements expected of them by society.Realistically, theses standards may not always be attainable, particularly in a situation shown in the movie in which financial hardships serves to limit the resources the team has available. However, the Mighty Ducks movie does raise the question of ethical standards for coaches. Early in the movie, there is a scene in which Bombay recalls his own experience in hockey during a championship game in which he was needed to score on a penalty shot. His old coach stated to him â€Å"If you don’t make this shot you’re not only letting me down you’re letting the team down† (Walt Disney Pictures).This had a profoundly negative impact on the ethical development of Bombay at a young age lead him to the selfish, egotistical, and unethical person the viewer sees at the beginning of the film. Once Coach Bombay was assigned a youth hockey team of his own, he demonstrated this same lack of ethics by ordering a player to fake taking a high stick in order to draw a penalty and stated â€Å"If weâ€⠄¢re going to cheat we have to make the fall look real† (Walt Disney Pictures). While this demonstration of low ethical values demonstrated Bombay’s disregard for the rules, as a coach, these values could easily could have transferred to his players.However, the reality of the game of hockey is that actions such as these are a regular occurrence. Fortunately, through education, clinics, standards and regulations, efforts are continually being made to teach coaches how their actions impact their pupils. As the Coaching Association of Canada states â€Å"when you become a coach, you will help others reach beyond themselves, to reach higher, both in sport and in life. † Fortunately, Coach Bombay develops and grows, both as a person and a coach.Through the guidance of an old mentor, influence of young ethically sound players, and personal growth, Coach Bombay comes to realize that there is more purpose in live than can be gained by winning a hockey game. The lessons and values he gained during his experience with the hockey team in his season of growth, allow Bombay to learn the important requirements of being a coach and a moral person which include: â€Å"encouraging teamwork, commitment, fair play, sportspersonship, and balancing obligations to individual team members and to the team as a whole† (Russell, 2011, 87).Coach Bombay demonstrates these requirements by showing change in his coaching philosophy in the Championship game. Instead of trying to â€Å"win the game at all cost†, Bombay stated â€Å"we may win, we may not†¦ but that doesn’t matter, what matters is that we are here†¦ go have fun† (Walt Disney Pictures). While competitive teams seen in the NHL and the Olympics likely would not take this approach, it is an appropriate coaching philosophy when dealing with 12-13 year old children. Gender: The Mighty Ducks movie makes several references to gender roles and even goes so far as to challenge t he accepted norms.First, the movie initially supported the stereotype that girls figure skate, and boys play hockey. However, when Coach Bombay asked a figure skater named Tammy to join the Ducks because of her excellent skating ability, the male team members initially balked at the idea of having a girl on the team. During the movie, Tammy only had a couple of opportunities to shine, but in each instance it was only to use her figure skating talents for performing a triple axel to get around an opposing player.Instead the makers of this movie should have taken the figure skates off, put the player in hockey skates, then provided scenes where she could use her agility to skate and stickhandle around the opposition. Apart from the dramatic effect of the figure skating jumps during the game, the writers and producers did not go so far as to break down the perceptions within society that boys should play hockey, and girls should figure skate. The girl player still perpetuates the femal e role, as she is a figure skater that was recruited for her grace and agility, not encouraged to transform into hockey player.The vast majority of players in the movie on both the Ducks, and the other teams were boys. This would have reflected what society would have perceived as being very normal at the time this movie was filmed in 1992. While women have participated in hockey since the late 19th century, hockey has predominantly been considered to be a â€Å"man’s game. † However, as Women’s Hockey did not play its first world championship until 1990, and was not introduced to the Olympics until the Japan 1998 Games (McMahon, 2010), it is significant that the writers and producers chose to include a girl on the Ducks hockey team.During the early 90’s, there were significantly fewer girls playing the game, and the few that did were often discriminated against or shunned. This breaking of barrier and perceived stereotypes in a movie targeted towards chi ldren may have influenced these viewers by showing them a girl that is accepted and can contribute to the success of the team. This awareness has also shown women of all ages that they can participate in sports and that it benefits their health and social skills to participate in sports and on a team environment such as is found in hockey.However, the movie does not directly address the issues and challenges faced by women striving to succeed in a male dominated sport. Choicely and Donnelly state that â€Å"strong women challenge the prevailing gender ideology that underlies the norms, legal definitions, and opportunity structures that frame the conditions under which men and women form identities, live their lives, and relate to each other† (226). Conclusion: Through coaching the Ducks, Coach Bombay developed moral and ethical changes and learned to look beyond himself in order to see the greater good.He transitioned from a â€Å"win at all cost† coach, to a teacher w ho guides his players to be better people. In the end of the story, the message was to enjoy the moment and learn from the journey. The ethical journey displayed in this movie highlights the moral values society often witnesses in sport, ending with ideals and values people expect to see in an ideal world. The movie also highlights gender stereotypes, both conforming to the perception that girls should figure skate and boys should play hockey, and breaking stereotypes of what society at the time considered to be the norms by having girl on the team. By directing this movie at children and young adolescents, the message of the positive ethical transformation, and the breaking of gender stereotypes, provide an entertaining and educational journey which has the potential to affect real change in society. References Coaching Association of Canada. (2012). Coaching 101 Retrieved April 6, 2012, from http://www. coach. ca/coaching-101-s1341 Coakley, J. , & Donnelly, P. (2009).Sports in Soc iety:Issues and controversies: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Kowalski, C. L. , Edginton, C. R. , Lankford, S. V. , Waldron, J. J. , Roberts-Dobie, S. , & Nielsen, L. (2007). Coaching efficacy and volunteer youth soccer coaches. Asian Journal of Exercise & Sports Science, 4(1), 9-13. McMahon, D. (2010). Girls Play to Win Hockey. Chicago: Norwood House Press. Russell, J. S. (2011). The Ethics of Sports Coaching: Routledge. Walt Disney Pictures. (Stephen Herek) (1992). The Mighty Ducks.

Positive Functions of Poverty essays

Positive Functions of Poverty essays Positive Functions of Poverty Poverty and the poor satisfy American because it is useful to their society. Without the poor who would do all the dirty work? The first, second, and third functions that Herbert J. Hans mention deals with the economy. Every society has jobs that the poor would work for. Some of the dirty work can be dangerous, temporary, and underpaid. Society can change all of this by filling the jobs by paying higher wages than for the clean work. Since the poor are required to work at low wages, it makes life for the upper-middle and upper classes easier. Poverty creates a lot of jobs for different occupations and professions that service the poor. The fifth and sixth functions deal with the social function of poverty. Even though the poor are about as moral and law-abiding as anyone else, they would still be recognized as lazy and dishonest compared to the middle class. Also the poor are thought to enjoy sex, alcohol, and narcotics more than the middle class. The seventh function would be considered a cultural function of poverty. Sometimes when a culture is created by or for them it is adopted by the more affluent. For example, a lot of Americans listen to the blues, Negro spirituals, and country music, which all originated with the poor. Poverty also helps to guarantee the status of those who are not poor. In the American society people need to know where they stand. The poor function is used for permanent measuring not for status comparison between the different classes of people. The ninth function explains on how the poor have entered the middle class through the profits from provision of goods and services in the slums. The last three functions deal with political functions. The poor are the ones who do all the backbreaking work and today they are pushed out of their towns just to make room for progress. The poor are powerless and they do not ...

Technology And Society Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology And Society - Term Paper Example Technology and healthcare Gone are the days when diseases like TB and malaria were uncontrollable mass-killers. The advent of technology has made it possible to ensure effective prevention and treatment of such diseases. In addition, technology has the ability to provide a secure and convenient environment for interaction between doctors and patients. For example, these days, it is possible for patients of even far-off places to be in constant touch with their doctors through modern communication devices. Yet another point is the flexibility it allows for doctors and patients. The availability of modern communication devices makes it possible for doctors to identify and handle more critical issues first and less important ones at a later convenient time. Another benefit is that there is considerable cost reduction when medical facilities are accessible through modern technology like internet. Through the use of these devices, doctors can follow-up their cases, provide necessary advic e, and can help patients locate useful information on the net. Thus, time and money are considerably saved. However, the most important point that is worth mentioning is the availability of modern medical equipments that help identify and treat diseases and defects that were not at all changeable in the past. As Kabene and Wolfe point out, cloning and the treatment of genetic disorders deserve special attention at this juncture. Technology and education Education is another sphere where technology has made great strides of changes. The introduction of e-learning has made it possible for pupils to pursue a graduation from any educational institution around the globe by sitting in the comfort of their homes. In addition, it opened a vast array of educational resources for students to assist in their studies. One can access information on any subject in any library through the search engines. In addition, the availability of technology promotes the idea of self-learning. This enables s tudents to pace their study according to their own learning capacity without being forced to wait for other students to catch up. Also, technology made it easy for educational institutions to manage their student records and to coordinate their activities. Furthermore, learner assessments and responses become quick and accurate, saving time and effort (Advantages and disadvantages of technology in education and military, Science and Technology). Finally, internet opens up new avenues like chat-rooms that help students seek and share knowledge. Business and employment The impact of technology on business is unimaginable. Today, the whole picture of business has changed due to technology. The benefits of using technology in business are, in simple terms, faster communication, easy management of files, better coordination of various departments, better prediction of future chances and risks, easy identification of business opportunities, and easy analysis of the business environment. F or example, it becomes easy for the CEO of a company to manage the operations of his company at various sites around the globe using only a computer. Communication is faster and easier both within and outside the company. This speeds up the business, and thus profit. In addition, there are software that help companies monitor the fluctuations in the market around the world by

Robinhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robinhood - Essay Example 2. Weaknesses: One of the notable weaknesses of this case is the type of associates Robin Hood has allowed into his organization. While he began allowing only men with a strong sense of justice and legitimate grievance with the sheriff into the organization, he veered from this policy. Believing that there was strength in numbers, he has allowed any individual to join; in these regards, it’s highly likely that a number of individuals in his organization are of questionable moral character and are more detrimental to the organization than beneficial. 3. Opportunities: There are a number of opportunities that Robin Hood and his organization have. The first of which is the control they have over the forest and its use as a route of transport. This has given Robin Hood and his men the ability to reap considerable property from theft and could potentially be utilized as a means of collecting consistent taxes from travelers. Another opportunity is the motivated nature of Robin Hood’s followers; many having legitimate grievances against the sheriff they will be more dedicated and willing to go to extremes to see that they succeed and the sheriff fails. Finally, the barons’ growing resentment with Prince John and their attempt to conspire with Robin Hood is a solid opportunity. 4. Threats: The threats include the growing size of Robin Hood’s organization and the increasing difficulty in supplying the large number of these individuals with supplies. Another threat includes that of the potential of alienating the farmers that travel through the forest by charging them a tax. Finally, the last threat includes that of the potential that in conspiring against Prince John could result in failure and then cause greater amounts of retribution to be levied against Robin Hood and his band of men. There are a number of major issues that Robin must address. The first issue concerns whether

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Human Resources - Essay Example Strategic planning determines the general goals as well as objectives in an organization. Secondly there will be a need for human resource planning since it helps in determining whether there will be many workers, that is surplus or shortage of or enough employees to attain organizational objectives. In case there are few workers, the educational institution will have to recruit more workers (Brown, 2011; Tyson, 2012). Various alternatives can be used in the recruitment process, for instance, outsourcing as well as contingency workers. Before the education institution commences the recruitment process, they need to have guidelines on the recruitment process, referred to as policies and procedures that need to be adhered in the recruitment process. The organization will have to streamline the recruitment process. The institution has to avoid misunderstandings that can result in the workforce being dissatisfied. Recruitment of personnel does not happen in a vacuum since it is influenced by various factors in the organization and the environment (Tyson, 2012). Government regulations have to be considered when recruiting employees in the institution. The government has regulations that in most cases ensure that all the employees are treated in fair manner, and there is no discrimination basing on gender, race or disability among others. Adhering to the government regulation will help in ensuring that the institution operates in a manner that will ensure it does not have wrangles with the government for not adhering to its regulations. Government regulations set out the minimum wage for employees. When recruiting this factor has to be considered since the institution needs to pay its employees according to the set standards. Therefore, the institution has to ensure that the number of new employees hired is capable of paying (Brown, 2011). As mentioned before, an organization has to ensure that it adheres to its strategic plans when

The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers Essay Example for Free

The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report describes the findings of a qualitative research project, The Experience of Ethnic Minority and Migrant Workers in the Hotel and Catering Industry: Routes to Support and Advice on Workplace Problems, funded by the European Social Fund and Acas and carried out by the Working Lives Research Institute at London Metropolitan University. The research provides evidence of the conditions faced by ethnic minority and migrant workers in the hotel and restaurant sector, an industry already known for its harsh working environment. In-depth interviews with 50 ethnic minority and migrant workers in London, the West Midlands and the South West were carried out between May 2005 and May 2006. In addition, interviews were held with key informants to provide contextual information on features and trends within the sector. The key findings of the research are summarised here. Working conditions in hotels and restaurants †¢ Cash-in-hand, undeclared or under-declared, and illegal working was found among the ethnic minority and migrant restaurant workers interviewed, and affected both employment conditions and rates of pay. This was prevalent in small, ethnic minority-owned restaurants, usually employing members of the same ethnic group. The National Minimum Wage (NMW) was the rate commonly paid to basic grade staff, including bar and restaurant staff, hotel porters and housekeeping staff, particularly outside of London. The research also found a high incidence of flat rate payments per shift or per week, regardless of hours worked, below the NMW, often paid cash-in-hand. Long hours working was a further feature. Full-time workers did a minimum 40-hour week, with 50 to 60 hours a week being common, particularly in restaurants. Late night working, or until the last customer left, was often expected without extra pay. Some felt that they had no life outside work due to the long hours demanded by the job. In some instances, individuals had several jobs to earn money to support family or send back home. There was low awareness of holiday and leave entitlements. Very few workers received more than the statutory entitlement to four weeks’ holiday. Some reported getting no paid holidays or receiving less than the legal minimum, and there was generally low awareness of holiday entitlement. In small restaurants there was sometimes an informal policy of two weeks’ leave. It was common for workers to have received no written statements of particulars or contracts. This was found among both informally and legitimately employed workers, and was a source of anxiety for several. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1 †¢ There were poor perceptions of job security in the sector. Few workers felt secure in their employment, often feeling they could be sacked on the spot, particularly those working informally. Some longer-term workers in regular employment were aware that increasing use of casual and agency staff meant that their jobs were not secure. Training available to migrant workers, particularly in restaurants, was minimal, usually only in basic health and safety, hygiene or fire procedures. In some hotels, however, managers had recognised the neglect of training in the past and were offering staff the chance to pursue National Vocational Qualifications. †¢ Problems at work †¢ There was a high degree of acceptance of the poor working conditions in the sector among interviewees, with issues such as low pay, long hours, unpaid overtime and poor health and safety standards often not perceived as particular â€Å"problems† but rather viewed as the nature of work in the sector. Where problems were identified these related to: pay; long working hours; workload; getting time off; bullying and verbal abuse, including racial harassment; problems getting on with colleagues; English language skills; and theft of property from work. Bullying and verbal abuse was common, particularly in kitchens where chefs were often known as bullies, but this was accepted by some as â€Å"just the mentality of the kitchen†. Sometimes the abuse had a racial element, with â€Å"bloody foreigner† used as a term of abuse. Racist abuse from restaurant customers was also regularly suffered by some waiters. In one hotel, several staff had experienced bullying from a manager, resulting in time off sick with stress. Staff believed there was an ulterior motive of trying to get rid of long-serving employees and replacing them with cheaper casual staff. Opportunities for promotion were felt by several interviewees to be inhibited by discrimination on grounds of race, ethnicity, nationality or age, as well as the limitations imposed by work permit or visa rules. Some long-term workers felt they had been overlooked for promotion, with their age then compounding the problem as employers looked for younger staff to promote and develop. Where employees saw that they had opportunities to progress, this was due to the support of a manager. Opportunities were further limited by employer presumptions about the suitability of staff for â€Å"front-of-house† jobs, such as reception or waiter positions, based on ethnicity, gender and age. Some employers expressed preferences for white staff, or a â€Å"balance† of white and non-white front-of ­ house staff, on the grounds that it was what their customers wanted. The research found that such racial stereotyping was expressed openly in this sector in a way that may not be acceptable in other sectors. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2 †¢ In the main, interviewees did not raise health and safety concerns when discussing problems at work, reflecting an acceptance of the hazards of this type of work. However many issues did arise during the course of interviews, which included: burns and working in hot kitchens; working in a confined space; back and shoulder pains; and tiredness from long working hours and heavy workload. Often, responsibility for health and safety, such as avoiding burns, was seen as primarily belonging to the employee and not the employer. Most workers believed that little could be done to tackle the problems that they were having at work, or felt that the only solution was to leave the job. A handful of workers had taken action to resolve their problems at work, either by raising concerns with their manager, or seeking outside support or advice. †¢ Support, advice and awareness of rights †¢ Workers felt poorly informed about employment rights in the UK, and had little idea of where to get information if they needed it. Many also were unsure about aspects of their own particular terms and conditions of employment, which was related to a lack of written information. As might be expected, those who had been in the UK for a longer time, and the small number who were members of a trade union, felt better informed about their rights at work. Trade unions had been a valuable source of support for a small number of interviewees, but for most workers, unions simply did not feature in their experience of work. But despite the difficulties of organising in the sector, including high staff turnover, no culture of trade unionism and employers that are hostile to trade unions, union membership was growing in one London hotel and catering branch. This was the result of recruitment campaigns that included information in several languages. Some interviewees either had, or would, seek support from community organisations about problems at work. However, there was a variation in the level of community support available in the three regions, with London and the West Midlands having established organisations representing a variety of ethnic groups, but such structures were much less well developed in the South West. Seeking support and advice through community organisations can also be a double-edged sword for those who work for employers within the same ethnic community, with some fearing that if they sought advice, word would get around and they would have problems getting work in future. Of the small number of workers who had sought support for problems at work, Citizen’s Advice, Acas and a specific project for service workers (no longer in existence) had been used. While a small number were aware of Citizen’s Advice, a couple thought that the service excluded them because of its name, which implied to them that it was for British citizens only. †¢ †¢ †¢ 3 Conclusions and recommendations †¢ While many of the working conditions and problems highlighted in this report are common to workers in the sector, the research found several features that serve to differentiate the experience of ethnic minority and migrant workers: immigration status; working in the informal sector; discrimination in the labour market and employment; and low expectations which increase tolerance of poor working conditions. For ethnic minority and migrant workers the difficulties in raising and resolving problems relate both to their own individual vulnerability and characteristics of work in the sector. Recent migrant workers may have limited English language skills and little or no knowledge of UK employment rights and support structures, factors that compound the difficulties of addressing problems in the sector. These include: the perception that there is a ready supply of labour to replace workers who complain; a lack of union organisation; a culture of poor personnel practice, such as minimal training and provision of information; and the informal nature of much employment obtained by ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector. There appeared also to be a lack of monitoring or enforcement of employers’ compliance with employment legislation in this sector. To understand the different experiences and motivations for ethnic minority and migrant workers working in hotels and restaurants, the research developed a typology of strategies that highlights at one end how some individuals feel they are acting strategically in relation to their work choices, whereas at the other, economic factors and limitations play a greater role in determining their choices. The strategies move from Career progression through Broadening opportunities and Stepping stone to Pragmatic acceptance and No alternative. The research makes a number of recommendations about how the position of this vulnerable group of workers can be improved through better access to employment rights and information, improvements in working conditions and career opportunities, and improved provision of support and advice. †¢ †¢ †¢ 4 1. INTRODUCTION This project, The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers in the Hotel and Catering Industry: Routes to Support and Advice on Workplace Problems, was funded by the European Social Fund and Acas and carried out by the Working Lives Research Institute, London Metropolitan University between May 2004 and July 2006. The project used qualitative research methods to explore the experiences and problems at work of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and restaurants, with the aim of both identifying the range of experiences and problems encountered, and gaining a greater understanding of access to and use of support and advice to resolve these problems. The research therefore provides evidence of the conditions faced by ethnic minority and migrant workers, which is an area relatively neglected by research so far. Its objective is to inform policy in order to improve good practice in relation to the employment of ethnic minority and migrant workers, to prevent problems from arising, and to improve the support and advice mechanisms available. The key target groups for these research findings and policy objectives are thus employers, statutory bodies, the voluntary sector, trade unions and community groups. 1. 1 Background to the project At the start of the project a working paper (Wright and Pollert, 2005) was prepared to establish the extent of ethnic minority and migrant working in the hotel and restaurant sector, as well as pinpointing the main issues for workers in the sector identified by the existing literature. The working paper is available on the project website1. The paper showed that ethnic minority and migrant workers make up a significant part of the hotel and restaurant workforce – almost threefifths (59%) of workers in the sector in London described themselves as other than White British in the 2001 census (Wright and Pollert, 2005: 27). Outside of London the picture reflects the differences in the concentration of the ethnic minority population across the UK. In the West Midlands, where 84% of the hotel and restaurant workforce were White British in 2001, the largest other groups were White other (2. 9%), Bangladeshi (2. 3%) and Indian (2. 2%). The sector is a particularly important source of employment for some groups, with 52% of male Bangladeshi workers employed in restaurants, compared to only 1% of white males (Holgate, 2004: 21). In London, migrant workers (those born outside the UK) account for 60% of those employed in the hotel and restaurant sector (GLA, 2005: 68), compared to 31% of all London workers who were born outside the UK. However there have been important changes in the composition of the hotel and restaurant workforce since the 2001 census, with employers filling vacancies in the sector by employing significant numbers of workers from the East European countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 (known as the A8 countries). The government requires nationals of the A8 countries who wish to work in the UK to register with the Worker Registration Scheme (WRS), and Home Office figures show that of the 375,000 workers registered between May 2004 and March 2006, 22% were working in hospitality and catering (80,570 workers) (Home Office, 1 http://www. workinglives. org/HotelCatering. html 5 2006a). There has, however, been a decline in the proportion of WRS applicants in Hospitality and Catering from 31% in the second quarter of 2004, to 18% in the first quarter of 2006, with Administration, Business and Management now employing greater numbers. The highest proportion of all applicants under the scheme were Polish (61%), followed by Lithuanian (12%) and Slovak (10%). The figures also show a movement of registered workers to other parts of the UK than London, with the percentage applying to London falling from 25% in the second quarter of 2004, to 11% in the first quarter of 2006 (Home Office, 2006a). While working conditions in the industry have been well documented as consisting of low pay, low status, exploitation of employees and lack of unionisation (e. g. Gabriel, 1988; Price, 1994; Head and Lucas, 2004; LPC 2005), little has been written in the UK about the actual experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers, with much of the existing literature focusing on management behaviour and strategy (Wright and Pollert, 2005). Some recent exceptions include a study of low pay in London (Evans et al, 2005), which included the hotel and catering industry. This study of 341 randomly selected low paid workers contained 90% who were migrants. Of their sample of hotel and hospitality workers, the largest group (two-fifths) were non-British whites, mainly from Eastern Europe, followed by Africans (24%). It found the lowest rates of pay to be in the hotel and catering sector, below contract cleaning, home care and the food industry. Other recent research has considered the experience of Central and East European migrants in low paid employment in the UK in the context of the A8 countries joining the EU, and covers hospitality, along with construction, agriculture and au pairs (Anderson et al, 2006). It is some 15 years since the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) undertook a formal investigation into recruitment and selection in hotels (CRE, 1991) in response to concern that the sector was failing to consider equal opportunities in employment practices. It found that ethnic minority staff were disproportionately concentrated in unskilled jobs, and found only one ethnic minority manager out of 117 hotels investigated. It made a number of recommendations about how hotels should improve their practices in relation to recruitment, monitoring, positive action and training taking account of equal opportunities issues. However, we have been unable to find evidence of any monitoring or evaluation of whether these recommendations have been heeded or implemented by hotel employers. While knowledge of employment rights among all workers in the UK is poor, it has been shown that vulnerable groups know even less (Pollert, 2005). A random survey of people’s awareness of employment rights in the West Midlands found that women, ethnic minorities, young people and the low paid were least likely to be aware of their rights (WMLPU, 2001). The research was undertaken in the context of considerable public debate on migration policy, and at a time when the government was intending to phase out low skilled migration schemes, such as the Sectors Based Scheme, which granted work permits to certain numbers of workers in skills shortage sectors such as hospitality, in the light of new labour available from the European Union (Home Office,2005). At the same time there is increasing concern for â€Å"vulnerable† workers, and the government has recently published a policy statement on protecting vulnerable workers, defined as â€Å"someone working in an environment where the risk of being denied employment rights is high and who does not have the capacity or means to protect themselves from that abuse† (DTI, 2006: 25). 6 1. 2 Research aims The research set out to address the following key questions: 1. What are the working conditions of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and restaurants? 2. How are working conditions seen and what are perceived as ‘problems’, and how does this impact on acceptance of poor working conditions? 3. What type of problems do ethnic minority and migrant workers have working in hotels and restaurants? 4. How do these compare to the problems generally affecting workers in the sector and to what extent are they associated with particular labourmarket niches within the sector to which these workers are confined? If this is so, to what extent is the insecurity of migrant status relevant, or is racial discrimination relevant? 5. How much do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector know about their rights at work, and to what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector attempt to enforce their legal rights at work, or instead try to find ways to achieve a sufficient income and manageable working conditions, even if this means colluding with illegal employment practices? 6. How much do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector know about where to get advice and support for problems at work? And who do they turn to for advice and support? To what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector use statutory (i.e. Acas, CRE), voluntary (CABx, local advice agencies), trade union, community (groups or informal contacts through ethnic networks) or informal (friends, family) sources of support and advice? 7. What are the experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector of using all these sources of support and advice and what barriers do they face in accessing support and advice for workplace problems? 1. 3 Structure of the report The report describes the research methodology and access routes, together with the characteristics of the interviewees in section 2. The working conditions experienced by interviewees are described in section 3, confirming evidence from much of the existing literature on the sector, but also highlighting where the experience of ethnic minority and migrant workers may be particular. Section 4 describes the problems encountered by interviewees in their jobs in hotels and restaurants, but also considers the attitude of these workers to defining â€Å"problems† at work, as well as their approaches to resolving problems and barriers to resolution. The information, support and advice available to and used by the ethnic minority and migrant workers interviewed is explored in section 5, together with their awareness of employment rights in the UK. 7 In section 6 conclusions are drawn about the specific experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector, the problems that they face and their need for support and advice, suggesting that changes need to be made to practice within the sector, as well as in improved provision of support to ethnic minority and migrant workers. 8 2. METHODOLOGY The project employed qualitative research methods to gather in-depth accounts of the experiences of 50 ethnic minority and migrant workers. Interviews were carried out between May 2005 and May 2006. In addition, interviews and face-to ­ face and telephone conversations were held with key informants to provide contextual information on features and trends within the sector affecting ethnic minority and migrant workers. The strengths of using qualitative methods are that they can not only identify tangible issues (the problems themselves, for example), but also more elusive, subjective issues, such as motivation, perceptions of opportunities and of rights, sense of inclusion, integration and fairness – or their opposites – sense of frustration, alienation and barriers to obtaining support and fairness at work. 2. 1 Regional scope The research project was confined to England within the terms of reference set by the European Social Fund. Three English regions were selected in order to provide a comparison of experiences of migrant and ethnic minority workers: London, the West Midlands and the South West. London and the West Midlands have considerably larger non-white and migrant populations than other parts of the country, with significant numbers of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis working in the hotel and restaurant sector in the West Midlands (Wright and Pollert, 2005: 27 ­ 28). In contrast, the South West is the English region with the smallest non-white population, but is experiencing a growth in migrant workers. The problems facing ethnic minority and migrant populations here have been less well documented, but where studies have been done, isolation from ethnic minority communities and support structures emerges as an issue (BMG Research, 2003; Gaine and Lamley, 2003; SWTUC, 2004). Tourism also accounts for 10% of total employment in the South West, with the greatest proportion of these (70%) employed in the hospitality sector – accommodation, restaurants, pubs etc. (Tourism Skills Network South West, 2002). In the South West it was decided to focus the research on two towns with a large tourist population and therefore a high demand for a hotel and restaurant workforce: Bournemouth and Plymouth. The Human Resources manager of a Bournemouth hotel group, interviewed for this research, said that only 32% of their workforce was British, indicating a high reliance on foreign-born workers. 2. 2 Definitions of ethnic minority and migrant workers The research includes both â€Å"ethnic minority† and â€Å"migrant† workers, categories which, in real life, are complex, changing and overlapping. Some ethnic minorities (using the Labour Force Survey definitions) will also be migrants. Migrants (defined here as all those who were born outside the UK, Home Office, 2002) may or may not be defined as ethnic minorities, and may or may not be discriminated against. White Australian or Canadian migrant workers, for example, would not be. But Kosovan people may be regarded as ethnic minorities, and suffer racism and discrimination, and Czech or Polish people may or may not be discriminated against, and while they may not be â€Å"visible† in terms of skin colour, in the way black and Asian people are, they are â€Å"visible† in terms of language, cultural characteristics, and discrimination. As many â€Å"white† Eastern Europeans are now 9 working in the hotel and restaurant sector, particularly since the EU enlargement in May 2004, it was felt to be important to include their experiences in the study. 2. 3 Access to research participants In order to include the experience of a broad range of interviewees from different ethnic groups and backgrounds, including both recent and more settled ethnic minorities, it was decided to use multiple routes to access interviewees. Therefore a range of bodies were contacted, many with a twofold purpose of: a) providing contextual information about the sector and/or the experiences of particular ethnic groups; and b) helping gain access to research participants. Organisations contacted included trade unions, community and worker organisations, sector bodies, employers and statutory and advice agencies (see Appendix 2). In the South West, where there are fewer organised community groups than in the two other regions, we spoke to officers at Bournemouth Borough Council, who gave us informal contacts within the main local ethnic minority communities, as well as putting us in contact with several community interpreters who spoke the main languages of the local ethnic minority groups: Portuguese, Korean, Turkish, Bengali and Spanish. These routes proved very useful in helping to access research participants and in providing interpretation for interviews. However, in the end, Turkish and Bangladeshi workers were reluctant to come forward to be interviewed, which the interpreters said was because they were fearful of speaking out about their employers, despite reassurances of confidentiality. In all three areas we used fieldworkers who were able to use their language skills to carry out interviews in workers’ native languages, namely Bengali, Spanish, Polish, Lithuanian and Mandarin. The fieldworkers were also able to provide access to workers who may not have come forward otherwise, being people who were known and trusted among their own ethnic communities, or who were able to provide sufficient reassurance of confidentiality. Training was provided in using the interview guide to all fieldworkers to ensure a common approach was used in interviews and that fieldworkers understood the aims and objectives of the research. While the approach used provided access to workers in a wide range of establishments,from large hotel groups to small independent restaurants, including several working ‘illegally’ or ‘informally’, we acknowledge that using such routes could not access the most hard-to-reach illegal migrant and ethnic minority workers, who may constitute a considerable proportion of workers in the sector. The research may not fully represent the worst conditions found in the ‘underbelly’ of the sector as suffered by many ‘illegal’ or ‘undocumented’ migrants, as portrayed, for example, in Steven Frear’s 2002 film about a London hotel, Dirty Pretty Things. It was decided not only to seek out interviewees who perceived themselves as having had a â€Å"problem† at work, but a range of people in different jobs in the sector, in order to explore their typical work experiences and their attitudes towards â€Å"problems† and conditions in the sector. 10 2. 4 Key informants In addition to the worker interviews, at least 20 key informants (see Appendix 2) provided further context on the hotel and restaurant sector, including regional knowledge. These included employers and employer representative bodies, trade union officials and branch members, community organisations, representatives of sector bodies and statutory and voluntary organisations. In some cases in-depth interviews were carried out, and in others more informal conversations were held either face-to-face or on the telephone. 2. 5 Worker interviews A total of 50 in-depth qualitative interviews were carried out in the three regions, with a greater number in London due to the huge range of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector in the capital. The breakdown was as follows: Table 1: Worker interviews by region Region London South West West Midlands Total % 46% 24% 30% 100% No. of worker interviews 23 12 15 50 during the interviews, which and a half. Participants were of both themselves and their participation with a ? 10 shop A semi-structured interview schedule was used generally lasted between 45 minutes to an hour assured of confidentiality, and of the anonymity employer. They were thanked for their time and voucher. At the start of the interview, participants were asked to complete a two-page questionnaire giving basic demographic and employment details, data from which is provided in the following section. 2. 5. 1 Ethnicity Respondents were asked to describe their ethnicity, according to the classification used in the 2001 Census. The results are grouped together in table 2. Table 2: Ethnicity of the sample Ethnicity White Bangladeshi and Pakistani Chinese and Other Asian Black Mixed % 36% 26% 20% 16% 2% No. of interviewees 18 13 10 8 1 11 2. 5. 2 Country of birth Table 3 shows the range of countries from which interviewees came. It was notable that only one participant was born in the UK, despite attempts to find British-born ethnic minority workers in the sector. Both fieldworkers and interviewees themselves commented that many British-born people do not wish to work in a sector that is known for low pay and long hours, including the children of migrants interviewed, as they seek better alternative employment opportunities (some young British-born workers do work in the sector while they are students, but tend to do so for only a short time). Table 3: Country of birth Country of birth Bangladesh China Colombia France Ghana Holland Indonesia Ivory coast Korea Lithuania Philippines Poland Portugal Slovakia Somalia Spain Sudan Turkey UK Ukraine 2. 5. 3 Gender Women are under-represented in the sample (38% of interviewees) compared to their presence in the sector as a whole, but this reflects the fact that the sample includes a substantial number of Bangladeshi workers, who represent a significant group in the sector in the West Midlands, and most of these workers are male (Wright and Pollert, 2005: 27-28). 2. 5. 4 Age Only one interviewee was under 21 years old. Almost two-fifths (38%) were aged 21 to 30 years old, and the same proportion were between 31 and 40 years old. Six interviewees (12%) were aged 41 to 50, and five (10%) were between 51 to 60. None of the interviewees were aged over 60. 2. 5. 5 Education Overall the sample was fairly highly educated, with 36% having a first stage or higher degree. Another 10% had post-secondary non-tertiary level education, and 36% had received education up to secondary level, while 12% had received. % 24% 10% 6% 2% 4% 2% 2% 2% 6% 8% 2% 4% 4% 6% 6% 2% 2% 4% 2% 2% No. of interviewees 12 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 12 primary level education or less. A further 6% had other qualifications or the details of their education were not known. 2. 5. 6 Employment The majority (62%) of the interviewees worked in restaurants, while 30% worked in hotels. The remaining 8% either worked in both hotels and restaurants, as agency workers, or in catering services. More than half of respondents (54%) said there were 10 or fewer employees where they worked. A further 22% said there were between 11 and 25 people where they worked. Only 6% worked for employers with between 26 to 49 people and 10% said there were 50 or more employees where they worked. However these figures should be treated with caution, and may underestimate the number working for larger employers, as respondents may have interpreted the questions as referring to the workplace or department of the hotel where they worked, rather than the employer as a whole. Almost half the interviewees (48%) worked as waiters or waitresses, either in hotels or restaurants. Another 20% were chefs or cooks, and a further 4% worked in kitchens as general assistants. 12% said they were supervisors or managers and 4% described themselves as cashiers. Another 10% worked in other jobs in hotels as receptionist, general assistant or porter/bar worker. The majority of workers were full-time (70%), while 14% said they worked parttime, and 14% were casual workers. Working hours were long. The largest proportion (40%) worked over 40 hours per week – 10% worked between 41 and 48 hours, while almost a third (30%) said they worked over 48 hours a week. Just over a third (36%) worked between 21 and 40 hours a week. Only 6% did less than 20 hours a week. The majority (82%) had only one job at the time of the interview, with 18% having two or more jobs. However, some of those currently working in only one jo.