Jonathan Edwardss Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Annotated Bibliography of its critique Essay Example

Jonathan Edwardss Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Annotated Bibliography of its scrutinize Essay Wilson H. Kimnach, Caleb J.D. Maskell, and Kenneth P. Minkema, editors. Jonathan Edwards’s â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†: A Casebook. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. 204 pages. This book endeavors to deconstruct the different elements of Jonathan Edwards’ well known message. As such, it offers the social, verifiable and philosophical settings for the lesson for the fledgling peruser. In any event, for those rehearsing Christianity for quite a while, the book offers key experiences and asides as for the content being referred to. Remembered for the book are the legitimate/complete variant of the lesson; expositions that delineate for how the message came and place it in chronicled and philosophical setting. It fills in as an inspecting of Edwards’ â€Å"theological, philosophical and individual compositions to contextualize the lesson in the life and thought of the man; various contemporary and recorded understandings of the message; and various lesser gadgets (sequence, glossary, showing thoughts, and a short rundown of recommended readings†. (Kimnach et. al. 12) We will compose a custom paper test on Jonathan Edwardss Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Annotated Bibliography of its evaluate explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Jonathan Edwardss Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Annotated Bibliography of its study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Jonathan Edwardss Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Annotated Bibliography of its study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Turley, Stephen Richard. â€Å"Awakened to the Holy: â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† in Ritualized Context.† Christianity and Literature 57.4 (2008): 507+. This diary article has a particular center, to be specific to explain Jonathan Edwards’ message with regards to neighborhood history and Christian philosophy. At the end of the day, the effectively worded lesson was bizarre at the time in which it was conveyed. It struck amazement among the audience members and instigated them to introspect on their ethical condition. The conditions going before the redemption of the message are very intriguing. In the neighboring town of Suffield there was a recharging of Christian confidence as confirm from the expansion of various communicants to the focal ward there. This restoration of Christianity spread to locales encompassing Suffield. It is in this setting â€Å"a number of ministry had joined together to stir the flames of restoration by initiating a progression of weekday administrations, going to and fro between devout Suffield and iconoclastic Enfield†. (Turley 115) But nothing in the occasions paving the way to the message would show the convincing rationale and dazzling symbolism gathered up by Edwards. The amazing certainty is that Edwards was not past prestigious for delivering ravenous discourses. Or maybe his method of lecturing is believed to be controlled at this point legitimate. In total, the authorial team’s reception of a custom hypothetical methodology â€Å"bridges the hole between the distributed content and the corporate setting of its unique conveyance so as to represent the sermon’s unique efficacy.† (Turley 88) Attention is paid to the language of the podium and the mental impacts it has had on the crowd. It is quick of the creators to induce that â€Å"the language of the podium involved the listener’s personality while the numinous experience evoked the requirement for a covering of one’s creaturely baseness, consequently giving experiential affirmation to the sermon’s substance and Christ greeting. The partitioned self was settled in the listener’s appropriation of the pulpit’s worldview for deciphering life and the grasping of another brought together corporate request in Christ that encapsulated that understanding of life in melody and prayer.† (Turley 89) Sang Hyun Lee (Editor), The Works of Jonathan Edwards: Writings on the Trinity, Grace, and Faith. The Works of Jonathan Edwards, vol. 21. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. xii + 566 pp. The book offers an exhaustive study of Jonathan Edwards’ strict abstract yield joined by valuable notes and keen basic analysis. Portraying Edwards as ‘the most noteworthy American philosopher’ in its presentation, the book proceeds to help that guarantee through thorough union and digestion of Edwards’ yield. The book proceeds to discuss a portion of the dismissed features to Edwards’ religious oeuvre. By receiving such a methodology, the book fundamentally re-appropriates his religious philosophy to the postmodern reasonableness. For instance, measurements of Edwards’ yield that gather consideration incorporate the impacts of John Calvin, Francois Turretin and Petrus van Maastricht on the previous. Likewise, the book investigates Edwards’ Augustinianism in the background of early Enlightenment thought. This is a fascinating explanatory point, for the tone and style of the Sinners message runs contrary to the natural order of things of logic which is the embodiment of the Enlightenment. The undertaking of the compilers of this collection is to offer academic points of view that are distinctive to the first works by Robert E. Earthy colored and Gerald R. McDermott. The focal point of the assortment is by all accounts its juxtaposition of Christian authoritative opinion and the Enlightenment ethos. What the book additionally figures out how to exhibit Edwards’ philosophy as more refined than is what is ordinarily accepted. For all the negative exposure the fundamentalist streak in the lesson earns, Edwards comprehended God in shockingly contemporary terms. For instance, he looked to â€Å"comprehend the perfect to a great extent as far as a relationship of adoration and of excellence that attracts mankind to God.† (Lee 221) His origination of magnificence, however, is more moderate, in that, he estimated it as far as â€Å"proportion, balance, difference, examination, and by relations, an encounter of excellence which he showed by talking about the agreeable and pleasurable music of an ensemble, normal wonders, for example, shading, and the connections among the human senses.† (Lee 221) Jon Meacham, American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation. New York: Random House, 2006. 416 pp. This assortment of key strict writings and discourses in the short history of American Christianity is like the arrangement by Sang Hyun Lee. This book is a sort of mainstream liberal form of Jerry Falwell’s Listen America (1980), filled all through with cites from ‘The Founders’. Be that as it may, where it comes up short is the deficiency to satisfy this objective. For instance, the statements are generally detached from their unique situations and are for the most part fragmented. Of the considerable number of Founders secured by Meacham, Jonathan Edwards is only one figure. Practically the entirety of the drained liberal common reiteration against Christianity is to be found in the book: â€Å"the â€Å"ferocity of evangelizing Christians† (p. 4); the â€Å"strangling† of religion by â€Å"extremism† (p. 5); a frontier America of â€Å"ambitious clergy† (p. 6); the â€Å"criminal† treatment of Native Americans by white pioneers carried out to changing over them to Christianity (p. 45); the nearby disapproved, intolerant, witch-consuming, fallen angel fixated Puritans (p. 46-54)- who oppressed ladies (particularly that â€Å"devoted Puritan† Anne Hutchinson); the â€Å"African otherworldly holocaust† by Christian slave brokers and clergymen (p. 45).† (Meacham)

Comparison of Adidas and Nike Footwear

Examination of Adidas and Nike Footwear COMPARITIVE STUDY OF Brand of Leading Footwear Giants With extraordinary reference to Adidas and Nike Unique Marking The 1980s denoted a defining moment in the opposition of brands. The executives came to ralise that the principlal resource of an organization was in certainty its image names. The brand isn't the item however it gives the item meaning and characterizes its personality in both existence. Time after time brands are inspected through their segment parts: the brand name, its logo, structure or bundling, publicizing or sponsorship, the degree of picture and brand mindfulness or, all the more as of late, as far as monetary valuation. The brand is a point of convergence for all the constructive and pessimistic impressions made by purchaser after some time as he comes into contact with the brands items, dissemination channel, work force and correspondence. The brand keeps on being, in any event in present moment, a dictum for quality much after the patent has lapsed. The brand plays out a monetary capacity in the psyche of shopper and along these lines has an enduring and significant impact on the companys exercises, be it as merchant or proprietor of the brand. Legitimately a brand is basically an image which recognizes a companys item and ensures its birthplace and accordingly just gets its incentive through enlistment and similarity. So as to comprehend how a solid brand is a generator of development and productivity, it is first important to help ourselves to remember the fnctions that it performs with the shoppers themselves, and which are the wellspring of this significant altruism. When these capacities are esteemed, the buyer searches out the brands and gets appended, without a doubt steadfast, to them and, as per the valuation, is frequently arranged to pay more for the marked item. Then again, when these capacities are either not satisfied or not esteemed by the general population, the fascination of the marked item diminishes and its top notch cost gets unsuitable. Marking implies significantly more than simply giving a brand name and motioning to the outside world that such an item or administration has been stepped with the imprint and engraving of an association. Brands are an immediate result of the procedure of market division and item separation. It is no big surprise that the word â€Å"brand† likewise alludes to the demonstration of consuming an imprint into the substance of a creature as a way to guarantee responsibility for. Marking however, isn't tied in with being on something, yet inside something. The item or administration in this manner enhanced must stand apart well on the off chance that it is to be spotted by the potential purchaser and if the organization needs to receive the rewards of its technique before being replicated by others. The brand ought to have its own particular perspective on the item class. It is this origination whichjustifies the brands exixstence, its explanation behind being available, and gives it a rule for its life cycle. A brand is both the memory and eventual fate of its items. Items are quiet: the brand is the thing that gives them importance and reason, disclosing to us how an item ought to be perused. A brand is both a crystal and an amplifying glass through which items can be decoded. Brands become trustworthy through persistency and redundancy. Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by some other name would smell as sweet. William Shakespeare Shakespeare wasn't right. A rose by some other name would not smell as sweet †¦. Which is the reason the absolute most significant choice in the showcasing of fragrance is the name. Al Ries and Jack Trout A thought, in the most elevated feeling of that word, can't be passed on however an image. Samuel Taylor Coleridge A brand is an outside indication of what occurs inside the association. The brand is the most remarkable resource of an organization. It is the instrument by which the items move. It is the image of a companys guarantee. Marking is the procedure by which organizations recognize their item contributions from rivalry. A brand is made by building up a particular name, bundling and structure, and stirring client assumptions regarding the contribution. By building up an individual character, marking grants clients to create affiliations like renown and economy with the brand. Purchasing a brand diminishes the danger of the client and facilitates his buy choices. Brand prevalence leads over high deals, the capacity to charge cost premiums, and the ability to oppose dispersion power. A brand is a distinctive name or image, (for example, a logo, trademark, or bundle configuration) intended to distinguish the merchandise or administrations of it is possible that one vender or a Group of merchants. Its motivation is to separate the merchandise or administrations from the products or administrations of the contenders. A brand offers signs to the client the wellspring of the item, and ensures both the client and the maker from the contenders who might endeavor to give indistinguishable items that have all the earmarks of being same. The quality of brand is legitimately relative to the desires for the client about it. The brand is the finish of the considerable number of exercises of the association. The brand name passes on the arrangement of qualities and traits encapsulated in the brand. At the point when we consider M with bended top helps us to remember the delectable burgers served at McDonalds outlets. This is the manner by which an image helps us to remember the brand when it gets material in the entire universe. A BRAND CONVEYS the accompanying message Ø Attributes: can be both explicit and theoretical. Size shading and weight are explicit. McDonalds gives recognizable proof of unadulterated and clean food served by it. Ø Benefits: allude to the customer view of the requirements that are being fulfilled. McDonalds gives us solid food, which is sterile and prepared to eat. Ø Values: Wipros values are to convey best items and administrations by applying these qualities. Ø Culture: Mercedes speaks to German culture: sorted out and productive and agreeable vehicles. Ø Personality: Raymonds textures give a delicate, mindful and adorable keeps an eye on look to its clients. Ø User: Barbies demonstrate that its client would be a little child and not a young person or an elderly person An effective brand has a few fundamental traits. The nearness of the greater part of these qualities can ensure long haul greatness of the brand.  · The brand gives the advantages that client want. Clients purchase a brand since its properties, its picture, its administration and numerous other substantial and elusive variables make an alluring entirety.  · The brand remains pertinent.  · The evaluating technique depends on shoppers impression of significant worth. The organization needs to show up at the correct mix of item quality, structure, highlights and cost. Worth evaluating ought not be received to the detriment of fundamental brand-building exercises. Whatever value the organization chooses to charge, it ought to have the option to show that clients are getting an incentive from it in relation to the value they are paying.  · The brand is appropriately situated. Fruitful brands stay aware of contenders by making purposes of equality in those zones where contenders are attempting to discover a preferred position, while simultaneously making purposes of distinction to accomplish points of interest over rivals in some different regions.  · The brand is predictable. Keeping up a solid brand implies finding some kind of harmony between progression in advertising exercises and the sort of changes expected to remain significant.  · The brand portfolio and chain of importance should bode well. The Gaps brand portfolio furnishes most extreme market inclusion with negligible cover. Banana Republic serves the better quality, the Gap brand covers the fundamental style and quality fragment, and Old Navy serves the mass market. Each brand has the unmistakable picture and its own wellspring of value. Brand at each degree of the progressive system ought to add to the general value of the portfolio through their individual capacity to make buyers mindful of the different items and encourage ideal relationship with them.  · The brand utilizes and facilitates a full collection of promoting exercises to construct value.  · Brand supervisors comprehend what the brand intends to purchasers. Writing REVIEW Characterize the Market Market is where the dealers and purchasers meet. It doesn't have any segment limits. Statistical surveying  · Market inquire about gives the information about clients, its mentality, approach. Statistical surveying is assortment of information which will make an individual (as a business) progressively mindful of how the individuals, you would like to offer the result of the organization to, will respond to your items or administrations. Leading statistical surveying There is no uniform method of leading statistical surveying, yet there are number of manners by which we may complete your examination however we have to deliberately consider the explanation of this decision and what you trust the proof will recommend to you. There are different strategies yet Questionnaires and individual meetings are one of the most well-known manners by which you can lead statistical surveying, and there are numerous techniques for social occasion information along these lines: Direct Interview, Mail Survey and Telephone meeting of individual. Promoting blend The Marketing Mix (The 4 Ps of Marketing) In promoting choices we are to take choices about the four after classifications:  · Product which is delivered by the organization  · Price which is charged by the organization  · Place (dispersion) where it is sold by the organization  · Promotion what is done to expand deals of the organization These four Ps are those parameters that the promoting chief can control, subject to the inner and outside requirements of the showcasing condition. All the four components of the promoting blend for an objective market ought to strengthen each other and contribute decidedly to companys offer for the objective market. The right procedure to get its advertising blend right is that the organization chooses its situating and sets every component of the showcasing blend to adjust to its situating. Most organizations start with fixing their promoting blend components independently and just a lot later in their development do

A Collection of Essays on John Keats

A Collection of Essays on John KeatsOn having just read the 'A Collection of Essays on John Keats' by Hilda Morton Taylor I felt compelled to give a copy to a friend. As I was happy to learn that it was written by a writer of the highest caliber, I was delighted to see that this book contains a well-written sample of an essay on Keats. In this brief article I will compare and contrast the samples of essay on Keats.I am glad to see that the essay samples on John Keats are written in an easy to read style. There is no surprise about the source or manner of the work being composed. There is just a hint in the first essay sample of an essay on Keats, that I found refreshing.The second sample of an essay on Keats, the 'Title Chapter' is a well-written introduction to the collection. It brings a bit of Keats's genius into the light, without the poet becoming too personal. It is also very nice to see that Taylor goes into greater detail than the first essay sample.This essay sample is extre mely well-written, starting with a full disclosure of some of the facts surrounding the poet's death. The first sentence describes the tragedy at Dunsany's dying breath: 'He had been away from his country for only a day. He had never been more deeply shocked in his life.'The next sample of an essay on Keats, the 'Objects of the First Love' is composed of two essays, a song and a poem. I found the song essay to be the strongest of the two. This is because it captures the essence of Keats's genius, which I discovered when reading the other sample of an essay on Keats.James Hardwick's essay 'My God' is based on an incident that happened during the composer's stay in Scotland. It is also based on James Hardwick's love of music and his love of England. The poems included in this sample of an essay on Keats are part of the collection entitled 'Bridled'.Although I have included a few poems in the samples of essays on Keats I also think that there should be a little more attention paid to t he words that make up the pieces. This might mean going back and reading my previous work. I hope that this does not happen, but the simple fact remains that a fine paper of essays can make use of the best works of the best writers.I found the 'A Collection of Essays on John Keats' to be a delightful collection, a paper of essays on Keats, on what makes Keats so great, and on the genius of the poet. Even though I did not find this to be a delightfully edited paper of essays on Keats I do not regret the purchase. I hope that you will give a copy of this excellent collection of essays on Keats a look.

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Page 1 of 16 Peer Reviewed Article Vol.11(1) March 2009 Effect of online social networking on employee productivity A. Ferreira * Centre for Information and Knowledge Management University of Johannesburg Johannesburg , South Africa aferreira@uj.ac.za T. du Plessis Department of Information and Knowledge Management University of Johannesburg Johannesburg , South Africa tduplessis@uj.ac.za The popularity of social networking sites is relatively recent and the effect of online social networking (OSN) on employee productivity has not received much scholarly attention. The reason most likely lies in the social nature of social networking sites and OSN, which is assumed to have a negative effect on employee productivity and not†¦show more content†¦Recent studies, for example, Golder, Wilkinson and Huberman (2007), Arvanitis and Loukis (in press) and Coyle and Vaughn (2008:13−17) concur that social networks are typical characterisations of human behaviour to fulfil the need to communicate and connect with people they know, meet new people who share a common interest, collaborate, participate and share information and knowledge as well as gain new knowledge. Generally, these are also the reasons why individuals engage in social behaviour via the Internet. To many, the Internet provides effective social networking opportunities and their online behaviour inclu des building individual relationships, expanding their personal network of friends, finding people who have had similar experiences, discussing common topics of interest, dating and finding potential life partners, staying connected to old friends or distant family and virtually meeting peers, including work colleagues, to discuss current issues or topics of interest. Page 3 of 16 2.1 Capital factors in the modern economy In the modern economy, Boase, Horrigan, Wellman and Rainie (2006:26), Acquaah (2008:1235), Arvanitis and Loukis (2008); Shalley and Perry-Smith (2008:23−24), and Wong (2008:591−614) identify some of the new factors that are becoming

The United States Army Is One Of The Oldest American...

The United States Army is one of the oldest American institutions that has been around longer than the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. The Army has many accomplishments throughout its time to include ending slavery and winning two world wars. The uniform of the army represents many things to the soldiers who serve, the families that support the soldiers, and the American citizens. The soldiers that are serving wear the uniform knowing that there will be hardships that they must overcome in their career. The Army families also have to endure the timely separations from their loved ones, not knowing if they will come home. The American citizens view soldiers as a form of pride and love for the country they swore to†¦show more content†¦Landpower is defined as the ability to gain, sustain, and exploit control over land, resources, and people. The United States Army is so successful because they insert troops into the conflicting nations and don’t p ull them out until they decide that the nation is stable and able to operate on its own. The roles of the Army are prevent, shape, and win. The Army prevents conflict in a nation by having a force that is trustworthy and made up of combat ready forces that can act swiftly when the time comes. The Army also has to stand ready to help defend other nation’s forces if they were to come in conflict at any time. The Army also has to shape the partnering nations by helping to train them so they can defend themselves. The last role is to win, and do so successfully against any opposing force. This can sometimes be the most difficult because it is face to face with the opponents and uses lethal means. The Army mission comes from the congress and laws governing the Armed Forces. The Army is a part of the Armed Forces as well as a profession. Not only does the Army carry out the missions given to them by the Commander in Chief but everyone has a job they have to do in order for the rest of the mission to flow smoothly. The Army relies on trust between soldiers and also the trust between soldiers and their leaders. The mission cannot be completed if there is not trust between everyone working together as a team. Other forms of trust include that betweenShow MoreRelatedRole of the National Guard2150 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract The National Guard is one of the oldest American institutions, and predates the War of Independence. Substantiated by the Constitution, the National Guard remains a viable military force that provides both domestic and international support for the standing armed forces. One of the capacities that the National Guard has recently served as happens to be within the realm of post-conflict stabilization. Although its role in the nation-building process is controversial, the National Guard isRead MoreThe Life Of President James Monroe1323 Words   |  6 PagesPresident James Monroe Research Paper In this essay I will be discussing the life of President James Monroe. We will talk about his life at home, where he grew up, what he did in the Revolutionary War, and his time as president of the United States of America. First we will talk about James parents. James parents were pretty good parents and kind people. His parents names were Spence and Elizabeth Monroe (biography.com). James was their first child. Spence family emigrated from Scotland in the midRead More The Army Essay499 Words   |  2 Pages There are many job oppurtunitiesin the army. Anyone one can join and be anything he wants. In the army everyone has the chance to travel the world. The army has certain benefits and requirements. All of them will be explained. 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The university was founded in the early 1800’s and was followed by only five other military colleges. The Department of Defense recognizes Norwich University as the birthplace of the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC). Norwich University creates a supportive learning environment by maintaining an average student-faculty ratio of one to 12. The Academic Achievement Center employs professionalsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Wilson Reagan1247 Words   |  5 PagesIrish background, while his mother was a Scottish and English mix. Reagan had only one sibling, his brother, Neil Reagan. He attended a high school nearby what he considers his hometown, Dixon. At Dixon high school, he served as student body president and participated in football,basketball, track, and school plays. After graduating from Dixon High, he proceeded to attend Eureka College, a small liberal arts institution and majored in economics and sociology. 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According to Jon Charles Chasteen on his book â€Å"Born in Blood Fire† During the twentieth century, there were three main events that changed the course of Latin American countries and their economies. These three events wereRead MorePrison Gangs2927 Words   |  12 Pageswell-organized groups could still pose significant threats to the security and orderly running of an institution. Many of these smaller groups occupy the fringes of various conceptual and organizational frameworks, most notable ethnic, religious, or social organizations. Nevertheless, they have demonstrated that they can constitute a threat to prison security and public safety (gang buster). In 1986 the United States Department of Justice identified 114 different pri son gangs in the U.S., and with a membership

Jewish Culture in Nursing Free Essays

1. The Jewish culture has many concepts of taboo. One of the biggest items found was the importance of remembering the past. We will write a custom essay sample on Jewish Culture in Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Past is a very important aspect in the Jewish community, even the breaking of a glass at the end of a wedding, symbolizes the destruction of a temple during an invasion from the Roman Army. (Giger and Davidhizar, 2008, p. 598) During childbirth, a husband may be in the room with his wife but may not participate other than coaching. He is not allowed to view or see the vaginal area or touch his wife. After the delivery, he may lean over to his wife, careful not to touch, and say â€Å"Mazal tov† or good luck, congratulations. (Giger and Davidhizar, 2008, p. 596) After delivery it is important to be careful around the baby. Jewish people believe that is the nipple is pulled to fast from the child, falling on the head, or failing to place a cap on the head of the infant are all causes of fallen fontanel. The symptoms of this include crying, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea; but modern practice shows us that the causes of these symptoms are from dehydration. The evil eye, or mal ojo, is a feared illness that is caused from someone admiring a child and that person has a frustrated wish to hold the child, but for a reason unknown, the person is unable to fulfill the wish. Hours later the child has fever, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite. Also, it suggests the child’s eyes will roll in the back of the head, and will become listless. This is probably the result of dehydration, but this is one perceived cause of a chronic illness. (Andrews and Boyle, 2008, p. 132) 2. If a follower of Judaism becomes ill, it is a common trend for the entire family to pull together and take care of the person. When the dying process starts a nurse should know that there is a strong need for a confessional. (Giger and Davidhizar, 2008, p. 606) If a person of Jewish faith passes away, the body must not be touched by a person of opposite sex. If this happens the body will be considered contaminated. All articles of clothing and any personal items that have come into contact with blood must be left with the body and not be touched. Blood is sacred and must be buried along with the body. The body is removed to a sacred temple where the body is washed from head to toe in warm water, being careful not to turn the face towards the ground. The body will be dressed in white burial shrouds, tachrichim, and will be buried in a simple pine wood box. This is done so no one can distinguish wealth. (Klug, 2013, p. 1) This is all a part in a traditional ritual of the Jewish faith. 2B. This writer doesn’t believe in the above mentioned taboos. Reading this information has sparked an interest in the cultural beliefs held by Judaism. Current beliefs are influenced by religion and basic humanity procedures for the dying and deceased. Religion has influenced death as a passing of one person to heaven or hell. Humanity procedures that are followed are the cleansing of a body, the placement in a casket, visitation and burial, and grieving by family and friends. 2C. Influence in practice is based off of the religions of the patients request or family beliefs. As a hospice nurse, personal beliefs do not affect work habits. There are many different patient rights that are noted and followed. Giger, J. N. , Davidhizar, R. E. (2008). Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention (5th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Andrews, M. M. , Boyle, J. S. (2008). Transcultural concepts in nursing care (5thed. ). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. Klug, L. A. (2013). Jewish Life. Jewish Funeral Customs: Saying Goodbye to a Loved One. Retrieved Feb. 5, 2013, from http://www. jewishfederations. org/funeral-customs. aspx? print=1 How to cite Jewish Culture in Nursing, Papers

Malay civilisation free essay sample

1. Positive influences (skills and technology) During the times where there was no technology, there was no civilization. Material development is one of the definitions of civilization. Without technology, new material, building and etc cannot be constructed or produced. This leads to no civilization being born. Example: During the stone age, there were no clothes for human beings to wear. They only moved around being nude. But once the technology of making clothes and dresses were found, people starting wearing clothes and they started being civilized. 2. Religious boost Cultural development too defines civilization. Religion is one of the mediums which introduced culture to the world. A specific religion has its own taboos, and when these taboos were strongly followed for generations, thus culture was born. Example: Islam strong opposes premarital sex. So as a solution, ‘nikah’ or marriage is introduced to world. Marriage then became not only an Islamic culture but also a world culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Malay civilisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Civilisation is born. AL-TAWAZUN Explaination: Balance and integrated state between spiritual and physical (material) of the human life. Example: Struggle for properties for life, and at the same time pay the zakat and give sedekah. Thabat wa Murunah  Explaination: To be fixed and firm in the principles and flexible in the practice. Example: Solat is compulsory for Muslims. But for those Muslims who are sick or not feeling well, they are allowed to complete their solat in a sitting or lying down position with their capability. Inqilabiyyah Explaination: Islam has to be strictly practiced in and every situations. Islam should be differentiated from jahiliyyah and should not be mixed up with the jahiliyyah system. Example: During the jahiliyyah times, baby girls are killed once they are  born because baby girls are considered a shame to the family. But in Islam, baby girls are not killed like in jahiliyyah times, but cared and nurtured just as they do to a baby boy.

Essay on English Portfolio Metaphor

Essay on English Portfolio Metaphor Essay on English Portfolio Metaphor Yasmine Shahbazi English II Mr. Paulsen 15 May 2013 English Portfolio Metaphor Sophomore year has definitely been peculiar to say the least. It has come with great challenges, some overcome, and some not; one thing for sure, it was no walk in the park. Managing to get through this year has been like a poker game. You deal or are dealt to. It includes skill and luck. You bet, check, bluff, and raise. You learn from those you play with. Sometimes you win with a pair or lose with a full house. But whatever happens, it's best to keep on shuffling along. (tying in metaphor to this year don’t know where to put it in essay)******Sophomore year required times when I had to deal with certain situations solely by myself and yet there were other times when I had the reliability of my teachers to help me. This year made me study to the point where my brain physicaly hurt to get a successful grade, or I wouldn’t study at all and somehow do fine. I took risks, yet there were moments when I was insecure. I relied immensely on my peers who always encouraged me to try the best I could. There were tests I would get A’s on, and tests I would fail. But finally by the end of the year, I learned to let whatever happens happen as long as I tried my hardest.**** Over this past year, I know I have truly changed as a whole. I used to be so insecure, and the things that used to be so important to me before are completely irrelevant now. I remember the struggles I had when I was a freshman, not my best time. I was doing horribly in school and no matter how hard I tried, my grades continued to tumble. I remember sitting there with my friends after first semester was over having ended with a 2.8 gpa, and one of my friends was claiming it to be the end of the world because she had one A- along with the rest of her A’s. I was so embarrassed knowing I was by far the dumbest one in that room, I remember sitting there thinking could I quite possibly be the stupidest person in our grade? I feel like Sage is the complete opposite of the typical stereotype of highschool, that if your not smart at sage your a loser. I just always felt people thought I purposely wasn’t trying when I want nothing more than to have good grades! And then theres t he annoyance of people who don’t try at all and get perfect grades while I am studying as hard as I can to only do at best mediocre. For example, my friend and I both had a science test the next day. I had been sitting in my room for ours studying the material ready to have a nervous breakdown when I get a call from that friend asking if I want to go to dinner and the mall that night. When I ask her about the test, she said she hasn’t studied yet and shes just going to fail. Next day, I get an 80 and she gets a 98. This is so frustrating to me and when I am at my worst it seems like the most unfair thing in the world to me. These thoughts and frustrations continued to fluster my mind for the rest of freshman year. I constantly put myself down and was always severly stressed out about my future. Hearing all of my friends talking about all of the extracurricular activites and community service they already have as freshman when I had none. I had very overdramatic days w hen I honestly thought I would not get into college. After a long summer break, going into sophomore year was a way easier transition than I thought. Everything that I was constantly worried and stressed out about freshman year never factored in and I still don’t know why. I have been trying my hardest and for the most part, it has proved to be successful! Not going to lie, I feel a lot better about myself when I hear my friends saying how they think sophomore year is a lot more challenging than freshman year when I feel that I am doing okay! I do not mean to downplay it, however. Sophomore year is slightly less challenging, but its still not easy. And I don’t think that the

10 Best Alternatives to Student Loans

10 Best Alternatives to Student Loans Getting into the college of your dreams is only the first hurdle many students need to overcome. By far the most difficult part of going to college is coming up with the money to pay for it. With student loan problems splashed across every newspaper, blog and financial website in the universe, many students are beginning to explore alternatives to traditional student financing. Weve rounded up the 10 most promising alternatives. 1. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending Peer-to-peer lending, often abbreviated to P2P, is a type of private loans which takes place between two individuals, or peers. Some characterize P2P lending as the corporate worlds spin on one friend loaning another some money†. While perhaps an oversimplification, thats essentially what it is. In peer-to-peer lending there are no credit checks, bank or government involvement in the loan itself. Private lenders offer loans for a set interest rate and its conducted as a private business. The largest lending platforms in the United States are Prosper and Lending Club. 2. Work Study Programs If youre already working part-time, you may qualify for the Federal Work Study (FWS) Program. This is a fund maintained by the government to help students who work part-time and go to school full time. Applications can be submitted through your schools Student Office as well as directly through the programs website. 3. Tuition Reimbursement Many companies offer a tuition reimbursement program. These program pay students back a portion of their school tuition, but does not include fees or textbook costs. This kind of program is typically offered in companies that traditionally promote from within and have various options for career growth. 4. Scholarships You dont always need to have the best grades or crazy athletic skills to land a scholarship. Scholarships are awarded by schools, companies, organizations, clubs and churches. There are thousands of scholarships that range from a few hundred dollars and go up to $10,000 and more. Local scholarships can be found through community organizations, churches and private businesses. Check your local library, community swim team and the local businesses that support softball, baseball, football or other local teams. Have your parents ask at work – many companies offer special scholarships to the children on employees. National and international scholarships can be found easily online or with the help of a high school or college adviser. 5. Grants In contrast to scholarships, grants are typically need based and are offered through the Federal Government. These grants can be applied for directly through the student aid website of the US Government. Several grants are also available at the state level. Grants do not have to be repaid and can be applied for either once a year or, in some cases, during each quarter or semester. 7. The Military Every branch of the US Military offers a number of grants, scholarships and financial aid opportunities for active and former servicemen and women as well as the families of those soldiers. If youre willing to postpone college a few years and enlist yourself, you could easily get a free ride, no matter what your degree. As a bonus youll get plenty of hands on experience in your chosen field and a history of military service makes a great impression on resumes and in an interview. 8. AmeriCorps AmeriCorps is a program maintained by the US federal government. It aims to get people more involved with various non-profit charities, schools and other community centered organizations on both a state and national level. It could involve working with the homeless, teaching children how to read, working with at risk teens or any other kind of public service. A 12 month stint with AmeriCorps snags you a living allowance, help with housing and, once youre done, some nice Education Credits you can apply to your tuition and other education costs. 9. Cap in Hand Where do people turn to in times of trouble and need? The internet, of course! Hitting up people for small (or large) donations online is nothing new, but plenty of people never consider it when looking into ways to pay for college. From asking for financing on a specific university project through a website like Kickstarter to just taking up a page and using it to ask for donations, the internet can be a great way to raise funds. Alex Tew made history in 2005 when he set up the Million Dollar Homepage and sold ad space online for $1 per pixel in order to pay for his university education in Wiltshire, England. The ploy paid off and, in 2006, Tew grossed $1,037,000. 10. Rich Relatives or Winning the Lottery Perhaps a bit less pragmatic than our other options but, hey, if you havent seen Great Uncle Norbert for awhile, this might be a great time to catch up! Failing that, hit the Bingo haul with Grandma and dont forget to borrow one of her lucky troll dolls!

Michael Jackson Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Michael Jackson - Term Paper Example The other four members of this group were his brothers, Sigmund ‘Jackie’, Toriano ‘Tito’, Jarmaine, and Marlon. They began playing at local bars and clubs in Indiana. They later moved to compete in bigger competitions. The Jackson five were discovered by the Vancouver and the Bobby Taylor in 1968 and got an audition for Berry Gordy. They later signed for Motown, hence moving to California. It was here that their first four singles made US number one hits. During this time, Jackson with Motown recoded four solo albums. The group stayed in Motown until 1976, when they needed more artistic freedom and decided to move on (Pratt 81). They dropped the name Jackson Five, since it was owned by Motown and adopted the name The Jacksons. At this time, they had a number of records and made six albums altogether between 1976 and 1984. Michael later teamed up with his producer for his first solo album. The album was titled Off The Wall, and was a tremendous success all ov er the world. It was the first album ever released that produced the four number-one singles in the United States. The world’s largest selling album was released by Michael in 1982. It was titled Thriller. It produced seven hit singles, once again breaking more previously established records (Pratt 81). It has been documented to have sold over fifty million copies across the world. Jackson was careful, as well as skillful, in using the music videos to promote his singles from the album. His success has, nevertheless, been attached to his directors and producers. They were the best, and made use of the latest technology coupled with choreography and fantastic dancing. The short film, Thriller, incorporated latest artists in the make-up technology to produce a video which lasted 14 minutes, with the beginning, the middle part and the end. This video was so successful that it became the world’s largest selling video. At the Motown 25-years anniversary show, Jackson perfor med his legendary moonwalk for the first time. It was this performance that set him into the realms of a superstar (George 98). Michael broke a record by winning 8 Grammy awards in a single night in the year of 1984. These awards were for his narrative for the ET Storybook and the Thriller album. On 9th December 1984, during his final performance of The Jackson’s Victory Tour, he declared that he was quitting the group and going solo. His third, and much awaited solo album titled Bad, was released in 1987. It was during this time that he launched his first solo world tour that was significantly record-breaking (Josh 1). He wrote his first autobiography, Moonwalk, where he talked for the first time about his career and childhood. Michael was soon to turn thirty when significant changes were observed in his outlook. He seemed to have undergone a facial surgery, which not only changed his facial features, but also his skin color and jaw line. This did not, however, affect his mu sic career. By the end of 1980s, Michael was commonly known as the Artist of The Decade. This was as a result of his success in the Thriller and Bad albums. Michael signed the biggest ever recording agreement with Sony Music in 1991. It was during that time that he released his fourth album Dangerous. Touring the world in 1992, he brought his performances to the countries that had never received a pop artist. Other than his success in the

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Leadership - Essay Example Although the leader retains his decision making power as an individual, yet he is supposed to interact with the subordinates and reach a general agreement with them for the creation of a learning culture in the organization. To create a culture of learning in my organization, I would promote teamwork. There is a lot that inexperienced employees can learn from the more experienced coworkers. Group integration, frequent communication and eradication of dysfunctional conflicts are the prime issues that need to be addressed before the culture of learning can be established and promoted. Once this is achieved, I shall organize opportunities of learning and development for my organization including workshops and on-the-job training. â€Å"If organizations can sense and respond to emerging opportunities, there is a good chance they will endure† (Conner and Clawson, 2005). On my part, I need to collaborate more with my subordinates and inculcate the sense of need for change in them so that they may overcome their differences and display optimal

History of the United States :: Technology, Inventions

Over the year’s technology have affected America’s identity. It has been a simple life living without technology. However technology brought many positive things to America. Technology helped America to travel, trade, and gives the lasts news. Technology was good to America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living without technology was difficult. It was harder to get new around America because technology was so low. It was harder for the families to talk to each other or to even meet, because technology was invented yet. Not until telephones was invented that the communication in America started to increase. Also news from all over America can be reach through radios. It made people in America live an easier live with telephones and radios.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It wasn’t pleasant to live without light in the house. People in history had to light up candles to see in their houses. It was so inconvenience to lit the candles. In 1752 electricity was invented and it changed the Americans way of living. They were able to have light in the house without burning down their houses. Also it’s easier to have a light bulb then to light a candle. Electricity had a big impact on American lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for traveling, it was awful because it would take them days to get to where they would need to go. However the railroad came along. It changed everything. People were able to import and export goods and travel farther put of their hometown. Railroad had really made a difference to the Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As years went by technology made it ways through. It changed and made the society a better and easier way of living. History of the United States :: Technology, Inventions Over the year’s technology have affected America’s identity. It has been a simple life living without technology. However technology brought many positive things to America. Technology helped America to travel, trade, and gives the lasts news. Technology was good to America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living without technology was difficult. It was harder to get new around America because technology was so low. It was harder for the families to talk to each other or to even meet, because technology was invented yet. Not until telephones was invented that the communication in America started to increase. Also news from all over America can be reach through radios. It made people in America live an easier live with telephones and radios.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It wasn’t pleasant to live without light in the house. People in history had to light up candles to see in their houses. It was so inconvenience to lit the candles. In 1752 electricity was invented and it changed the Americans way of living. They were able to have light in the house without burning down their houses. Also it’s easier to have a light bulb then to light a candle. Electricity had a big impact on American lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for traveling, it was awful because it would take them days to get to where they would need to go. However the railroad came along. It changed everything. People were able to import and export goods and travel farther put of their hometown. Railroad had really made a difference to the Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As years went by technology made it ways through. It changed and made the society a better and easier way of living.

Mcdonald’s Business Plan Essay

McDonald’s Corporation is the world’s leading food service organization. By 1967 McDonalds expanded its operations to countries outside the U.S.A. This unyielding expansion led the Corporation to open 23,000 McDonald’s restaurants in 110 countries in 1994, producing $3.4 in annual revenues. In addition, McDonald’s opens a new restaurant every three hours and has twice the market share of its closest U.S. competitor, Burger King, representing 7% of total U.S. eating-out sales. Similarly, McDonald’s serves about 1% of the world’s population on any given day through its 23,000 restaurants internationally. Big Mac, the world’s most sold hamburger was developed by Jim Delligutti in 1967 to feed construction workers. ‘Big Mac’ is the biggest attraction and backbone of the corporation. Moreover, McDonald’s maintains its competitive advantage by constantly creating new items to add onto its menu. This shows us that McDonald ’s practices an analyzer type of strategy, introducing new items and defending its existing ones. This is a sample business plan and here we reflect our standard business plan model, some of the numbers shown in our following Financial Plan are fictitious, so be advised. 1.1 Industry McDonalds Industry is one of the biggest food chain companies around the world; is the world’s largest fast food restaurant chain, with over 32,000 locations in over 110 countries. McDonald’s operates its own restaurants and franchises its brand to local businesspeople (about 70% of the world’s McDonald’s restaurants are franchised). In the U.S, McDonald’s focused on increasing sales at existing locations by renovating stores, expanding menu options and extending store hours. Internationally, McDonald’s expanded aggressively, opting to franchise rather than operate its new locations, providing new income with little overhead. Domestically, McDonald’s  continues to perform well despite a pullback in consumer spending and is even benefiting as consumers trade down from more expensive eating options and at the same time, international operations are driving profit growth. 1.2 Target Customers McDonald’s uses demographic segmentation strategic with age as a parameter. The main target segments are children, young adults and the busy executive on the go. Kids reign supreme in FMCG (Fast-moving consumer goods) purchase related to food products so, to attract children McDonalds has Happy Meal with which toys ranging from hot wheels to various Walt Disney characters, the teenagers with the price on the products to satisfy their expectative as well as the facility of the WI-FI which it makes it attractive to most of the student’s college students. Also, the strategy is aimed at making McDonald’s a fun place to eat attracting the young urban families wanting to spend some quality time while their children have fun at the outlet. 1.3 Competitor Analysis McDonald’s is the clear leader of the fast food industry in terms of revenues generated and restaurants established; it faces competition from other fast food chains which are introducing new products themselves. The major direct competitors in the (hamburger-based) fast food industry that includes: Burger King the second largest hamburger fast food chain, Wendy’s which are the third largest hamburger fast food chain, and some others. McDonald’s also competes with non-hamburger-based fast food restaurants, local and national dine-in restaurants (such as Red Robin’s and Shari’s), pizza parlors, coffee shops (Starbucks), street vendors, convenience stores and supermarkets. But, even though McDonalds still the most famous and visited by the different types of families worldwide. 1.4 Company Description McDonald’s was founded and started franchising in 1955. A man name Ray Kroc, who was a milkshake mixer vendor, came across brothers Dick and Mac McDonald, who were running a small hamburger stand. He saw how quickly  customers were being served and suggested the brothers open a chain of restaurants. They did, and Kroc became their business  partner. McDonald’s, and the signature golden arches, have since become internationally recognized symbols. Their signs proclaim â€Å"millions served,† and that is not an exaggeration. With over 32,000 locations worldwide, McDonald’s is the leading global fast food franchise. 1.5 Products / Service Plan Customer perception is a key factor affecting a product’s success. Many potentially revolutionary products have failed simply because of their inability to build a healthy perception about themselves in the customers’ minds. McDonalds being an internationally renowned brand brings with it certain expectations for the customers that expect to be in a hygienic ambient and a little sophisticated brand that respects their values. The customer’s expect the brand to enhance their self-image. Customer responses obtained at the Vile Parle, Mumbai outlet confirmed the fact that they connect strongly with the brand. However, fulfilling some of the customer expectations like a broader product variety provide McDonald’s a great scope for improvement. 1.6 Mission and Vision Vision: Is to be the world’s best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile. Mission: Be the best employer for our people in each community around the world; deliver operational excellence to our customers in each of our restaurants; and achieve enduring profitable growth by expanding the brand and leveraging the strengths of the McDonalds system through innovation and technology. Marketing Plan 3.1 Market Description There are close to 50,000 fast food chains across the United States, with McDonalds being the largest restaurant chain. In the world, there are more than 500,000 fast food places. Kids between the ages of 6 and 14 eat fast food 157,000,000 times every month. Ninety-six percent of kids in school could recognize an image of Ronald McDonald, the face of McDonalds. The only recognizable figure that ranked higher was Santa Claus. To top it off, Americans spend nearly $100 billion on fast food every year. There are around 13,000 McDonalds in the U.S. 40% of all of American family meals are eaten outside the home. 3.2 Market Facts McDonalds has grown rapidly in the last 10 years, following are some points related to the fast food customers in the USA. * 40% of all of American family meals are eaten outside the home. * 1 in every 4 Americans eat at a McDonalds on a daily basis 11 * McDonalds sells more toys than Toys R Us each year. * With all the tests scientists did, they came to the conclusion that many children can recognize McDonalds before they can even speak. * Over 25 percent of Americans consume fast food every day 3.3 Market Growth Fast food restaurants represent one of the largest segments of the food industry with over 200,000 restaurants and $120 billion in sales in the U.S. alone. Fast food restaurants, also known as quick service restaurants, are noted for their short food preparation time. Some of the largest players in this category include international giants like McDonald’s. 3.4 Market Demand Fast food restaurants in the USA are getting more demanding with the passage of time. Following are some common demands that have arise in the recent past. 1. Affordable: Fast food is affordable people and families with low income are able to afford the food from fast food restaurants. 2. Convenience: Families today are always on the go between works, school, and after school activities the quick accessibility to be able to order, get served, and eat a meal in just minutes makes it convenient for families today. 3. Easy access: They are now the world’s leading fast-food retailer, with more than 30,000 restaurants serving more than 52 million people in more than 100 countries each day. This makes it easily accessible for everyone. 3.5 Market Opportunities McDonalds offers a lot of opportunities for existing and potential investors. Their market is growing for many reasons some of them are the following: 1. More than 70 percent of McDonald’s restaurants around the world are owned and operated by independent local businesspeople. 2. The most frequently used method to buy a McDonalds franchise for sale is by buying an existing restaurant. 3.6 Barriers to Entry Government regulations, economies of scale, customer loyalty, advertising budget, and an exclusive agreement with suppliers are some barriers to entry for the fast food industry. 3.7 Targeted Audience McDonalds will be starting its operations in Miami, Florida. McDonalds target their advertising at children and students which is an important market for them. A parent with children might visit which gives children a treat. McDonald’s Happy Meals are one example, which includes a toy often, tied in with a newly-released children’s film, building playgrounds inside their restaurants, and creating one of the world’s best-known mascots, Ronald McDonald. The children want to visit McDonalds as it is a fun place to eat. McDonald’s was the first chain to put its restaurants near—and inside—schools as a strategy to market to children. In Chicago, one of the chain’s biggest markets, more than 90 percent of the city’s McDonald’s were located within walking distance of a school. Children watch, on average, an hour of fast-food commercials on television each week—more time than many children spend playing outside. The average child sees about 20,000 fast-food commercials every year. In 2006, fast-food restaurants sold more than 1.2 billion kids’ meals with toys. An estimated 20 percent of public schools sell branded fast food, mostly in high schools, where kids have more  discretion to buy â€Å"a la carte,† rather than from the regular lunch program. 3.8 Competition In one sense, McDonald’s doesn’t have any real competitors, as they are the  largest restaurant chain worldwide. But some of the other restaurant chains large enough to cut into its market share include Burger King Corporation. So how is it possible for Burger King to go up against history itself? Surprisingly they did and even though McDonald is still the best fast food franchise Burger King is trailing by not too far. One of the reasons why Burger King was so successful includes many factors but one of them was location. One of the best ways to explain it is Burger King has always found outlets where there is a large concentration of people but that wasn’t there only strategy because they also had the great idea of going head-to-head with McDonald across the street. By setting outlets in front or near a McDonald outlet they were guaranteeing visibility of their franchise. McDonald can come up with new marketing ploys and new food but it couldn’t have the advantage of location like Burger King. Remember both of them are fast food franchises so for the common customer the closest franchise is enough. In most cases people who have ate at McDonald’s have tried Burger King and people who ate at Burger King have tried McDonald and that’s completely normal. At the end of the day there isn’t much difference except for the name of every meal. If you look at it both franchises have the same types of combo which includes a hamburger, fries and a soft drink. The process may vary a little bit but in general you’ll be eating the same thing at both outlets. I. Product The first p is product. Which is one of the important things to remember when offering menu items to possible customers is that there is a huge amount of preference available to those potential customers with regard to how and where they spend their money. Marketing constantly monitors the customers’ preferences. In order to meet these changes, McDonald’s has created many new products and removed old ones over time, and they will continue to do that depending on what the customers’ needs are.

Financial Recession And The Auditors Role Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 768 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The current recession was precipitated by the rapid growth of the internet industry, mainly dot-com businesses, sparked investor interest. Millions of dollars were invested in these internet companies and unfortunately they were unable to produce a profit causing a crash in the stock market in 2000 and 2001. In addition to the trouble caused by the internet boom, the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 caused the United States economy to suffer greatly (Barth et al, 2009). In an effort to stimulate the economy, the Federal Reserve began lowering short term interest rates which eventually fell to around 1.1 percent by 2003 (Kolb, 2010). 1With the interest rate dropping drastically, homeownership became an attainable goal and subprime mortgages helped those with blemishes on their credit record to achieve this goal. From 2001 to 2006 house prices in the United States increased by 51 percent; 34 percent when adjusting for inflation (Ovanhouser, 2009). It was d uring this time that subprime mortgage share went from 7.2 percent in 2001 to 20.1 percent in 2006. The growth of house prices and subprime mortgages became rampant as did securitization. Proper documentation for originating a loan was increasingly incomplete due to the lack of oversight, growing from 20 percent in 2001 to more than 35 percent in 2006 (Jarusic, 2010). Its been suggested that documents were missing due to the fact that the demand in homeownership caused lenders to leave appropriate documentation out or that lenders saw an opportunity to gain on these subprime mortgages by giving borrowers unrealistic loans. Normally such loans would not be permitted as they are considered predatory lending, but the lack of documentation gave lenders the ability to do so (Jarusic, 2010). Subprime mortgages, although riskier for the borrower, became very popular during this time resulting in a 451 percent increase in the amount issued(Kolb, 2010). The ability to refinance, sell, or tak e out a home equity loan was made possible and profitable as homes continued to appreciate, creating positive equity (Jarsulic, 2010). These subprime loans were packaged into mortgage-backed securities and sold on Wall Street generating robust earnings and diversification of portfolios. Similar to any economic bubble, rapid growth is not a realistic constant. Eventually house price appreciation dropped from 13 percent in 2006 to 3 percent by mid-2007 (Ovanhouser, 2009). As a result, borrowers endured negative equity and defaulting on mortgages became more probable because their loan to value ratio exceeded 100 percent. Refinancing loans and selling homes became very difficult. Firms and financial intermediaries alike began to report losses from their subprime mortgage securities. Those with large concentration of these assets relative to their capital became insolvent during this time and bankruptcy declaration by Mortgage giants such as Bear Sterns, New Century Financial and Leh man Brothers caused widespread panic (Jarusic, 2010). Foreclosure on homes was very common at this time. Not only were mortgage companies affected by the burst of the housing bubble, but hedge funds that invested in mortgage backed securities suffered major losses as well. The burst of the housing bubble was the cause of the financial recession. 2The auditing profession has been accused of playing a role in the financial crisis. In a Wall Street Journal article, Reilly reports that Ernst Young was investigated by a bankruptcy examiner assigned to Lehman Brothers. The examiner alleges balance sheet manipulations and earnings management though Ernst Young maintains that financial statements were within the boundaries of generally accepted accounting principles (2010). KPMG was also invested by an examiner when New Century Financial, their client and one the largest subprime mortgage companies at the time, declared bankruptcy in 2007. The examiner mentions negligence on KPMGs part but states it would be hard to prove. Whether theres a need for proof or not, the examiners report is catching the attention of analysts. The accounting profession is likely to see more accusations in their role of the current financial crisis, but the bankers, regulators and rating agencies are truly the key players in the financial recession. The recession is sure to cause changes in the auditing profession. Mortgage-backed securities, a part of level three in the hierarchy for fair value estimation, will need to examined thoroughly because they are very risky and prone to under or over-valuation; which may lead to material misstatement. In addition to the risk posed by fair value estimations of mortgage-backed securities the recession has created economy-wide budget cuts. These cuts can lead to the desegregation of duties or reduce their internal controls which are typically very costly but are necessary in reducing audit risk. Also, during economic hardship, people may be mo re desperate and the motivation to commit fraud, whether theyre social or economic factors, will become great. Auditors will need to adjust to these changes by reevaluating their audits, substantive and analytical procedures. 3 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Recession And The Auditors Role Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order